PATH 1000 MT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
8 functions of a cell
movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, communication
Movement
Muscle to bone causes movement- skeletal, heart, involuntary
Secretion
mucus membranes
Conduction
respond to stimulus
Metabolic absorption
all cells take in and use nutrients
Communication
electrical and chemical
Respiration
all cells absorb co2 and o2
Reproduction
tissue maintenance and some growth
Excretion
Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body
,Explain the 5 ways cells adapt to their environment & examples
hypertrophy - Puberty breast development, CHF, cardiac hypertrophy, weight lifting
atrophy- bedridden, arm in cast, menopause, andropause
Hyperplasia- pregnancy- uterus, high altitude hgb
Metaplasia- smokers lungs
dysplasia- abnormal pap smear, HPV, Skin Ca (melanoma)
Cellular Atrophy
decrease in cellular size and functional components. ex. aging
Cellular Hypertrophy
increased cellular size and function. ex. weight lifters
cellular hyperplasia
increase in number of cells resulting from increased in rate of cellular division (response
to injury)
-compensatory, hormonal, pathological
-tumors
Cellular Metaplasia
Replacement of one normal cell type with another normal cell type (reversible). ex.
smoking causes changes to lung cells
Cellular dysplasia
Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation
Name the 4 types of cell injury
Physical, mechanical, thermal or chemical. Occurs when cell cannot maintain
homeostasis. Can be reversible or irreversible.
, hypoxic injury
cellular injury as a result of oxygen deprivation
Ischemia-reperfusion injury
additional injury that can be caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may
contribute to cellular damage
RNA and intracellular proteins
Toxic O2 Molecule formed by the reaction between O2& H2O during mitochondrial
respiration. E.g. peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen
Chemical cell injury
interaction between a toxic substance and cell plasma membrane - drugs, lead toxicity,
mercury toxicity, etoh
Infectious agents (pathogens)
injury from pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
immunologic and inflammatory injury
Components of the immune system & inflammatory system can injure cells
include: Histamine, Antibodies, Complement system ,phagocytic cells.
asphyxial injuries
-caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
-suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, drowning
necrosis
tissue death that is not reversible
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
8 functions of a cell
movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, communication
Movement
Muscle to bone causes movement- skeletal, heart, involuntary
Secretion
mucus membranes
Conduction
respond to stimulus
Metabolic absorption
all cells take in and use nutrients
Communication
electrical and chemical
Respiration
all cells absorb co2 and o2
Reproduction
tissue maintenance and some growth
Excretion
Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body
,Explain the 5 ways cells adapt to their environment & examples
hypertrophy - Puberty breast development, CHF, cardiac hypertrophy, weight lifting
atrophy- bedridden, arm in cast, menopause, andropause
Hyperplasia- pregnancy- uterus, high altitude hgb
Metaplasia- smokers lungs
dysplasia- abnormal pap smear, HPV, Skin Ca (melanoma)
Cellular Atrophy
decrease in cellular size and functional components. ex. aging
Cellular Hypertrophy
increased cellular size and function. ex. weight lifters
cellular hyperplasia
increase in number of cells resulting from increased in rate of cellular division (response
to injury)
-compensatory, hormonal, pathological
-tumors
Cellular Metaplasia
Replacement of one normal cell type with another normal cell type (reversible). ex.
smoking causes changes to lung cells
Cellular dysplasia
Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation
Name the 4 types of cell injury
Physical, mechanical, thermal or chemical. Occurs when cell cannot maintain
homeostasis. Can be reversible or irreversible.
, hypoxic injury
cellular injury as a result of oxygen deprivation
Ischemia-reperfusion injury
additional injury that can be caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may
contribute to cellular damage
RNA and intracellular proteins
Toxic O2 Molecule formed by the reaction between O2& H2O during mitochondrial
respiration. E.g. peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen
Chemical cell injury
interaction between a toxic substance and cell plasma membrane - drugs, lead toxicity,
mercury toxicity, etoh
Infectious agents (pathogens)
injury from pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
immunologic and inflammatory injury
Components of the immune system & inflammatory system can injure cells
include: Histamine, Antibodies, Complement system ,phagocytic cells.
asphyxial injuries
-caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
-suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, drowning
necrosis
tissue death that is not reversible
