PATH1000 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

PATH1000 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Cardiac cycle Sequential contraction and relaxation of heart chambers. Diastole Phase when ventricles fill with blood. Systole Phase when ventricles pump blood out. Atrial systole Blood pumped into ventricles from atria. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction Ventricular volume remains constant during contraction. Ejection phase Ventricles eject blood into circulation. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation Ventricles relax with closed valves. Passive ventricular filling Blood rushes into relaxing ventricles. Action potential phases Stages of electrical activity in cardiac cells. Phase 0 Na+ influx affects action potential intensity. Phase 1 K+ concentration changes affect action potential duration. Phase 2 Plateau phase with prolonged Ca2+ increase. Electrocardiogram (ECG) Recording of heart's electrical activity. P wave Represents atrial depolarisation on ECG. QRS complex Represents ventricular depolarisation on ECG. T wave Represents ventricular repolarisation on ECG. Preload Volume and pressure in ventricles at diastole. Frank-Starling mechanism Heart's response to changes in venous return. Afterload Force needed to eject blood from heart. Myocardial contractility Strength of heart muscle contraction. Arterial pressure BP equals cardiac output times resistance. Hypertension Sustained high systemic arterial blood pressure. Arteriosclerosis Thickening and hardening of arterial walls. Haemostasis Process to stop bleeding in the body. Vasospasm Reduces blood flow, aids platelet aggregation.