PATH1000 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Define and describe S&S of pulmonary disease
Dyspnea: Breathing discomfort with an attempt to INCREASE respiratory effort (aka
SOB, breathlessness)
- 3 Severe signs of dyspnea
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal space
Cough: body's way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways
Define and differentiate between hypoxemia and hypoxia
Hypoxemia: Decrease oxygen of arterial blood, presents as central cyanosis
Hypoxia: Decrease oxygen in cells of TISSUES, presents as peripheral cyanosis
- Hypoxemia can LEAD to hypoxia
Respiratory failure
Inadequate gas exchange resulting in:
- Decrease oxygen
- Increase CO2
- Decrease pH
,Flail chest and its clinical manifestations
Caused by fracture of multiple ribs or a fractured sternum
Clinical M.
- Instability of chest wall
- Paradoxical movement of chest wall
- Impaired gas exchange -> hypercapnia
Different types of embolisms
Embolism: The obstruction of a vessel by a BOLUS of matter circulating in the
bloodstream
Arteries:
- Arterial thromboembolism: Dislodged thrombus; source is usually from heart, common
sites are lower extremities
Veins:
- Venous thromboembolism: Dislodged thrombus; source is usually from lower
extremities; obstructs branches of pulmonary artery
- Air embolism: Bolus of air displaces bond in vasculature; source room air entering
circulation through IV lines
- Amniotic fluid embolism: Bolus of amniotic fluid; extensive intra-abdominal pressure
,attending labour and delivery can force amniotic fluid into bloodstream of mother
- Bacterial embolism: Aggregates bacteria in bloodstream
- Fat embolism: Globules of fat floating in bloodstream associated with trauma to long
bones
- Foreign matter: Small particles or fibres introduced during trauma or through an IV
Pulmonary embolism
Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an EMBOLUS
Pneumothorax (Primary or Spontaneous)
- More common in young men
- Etiology: Idiopathic
- Blebs are located primarily on apex of lungs
- Blebs rupture during sleep, rest or exercise
Pneumothorax (secondary)
- Causes include any type of chest trauma
- Including rupture of blebs and bullae (emphysema)
- Can lead to tension pneumothorax
Pneumothorax (iatrogenic)
Iatrogenic pneumothorax is a patient safety indicator (PSI) condition. It is a traumatic
pneumothorax secondary to an invasive procedure or surgery. The most common
cause is the placement of a subclavian central venous line (CVL)
, Pneumothorax (Open)
An open pneumothorax occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the
lung as the result of an open chest wound or other physical defect.
Pneumothorax (Tension pneumothorax)
- Site of pleural rupture acts like a one-way valve
- Air enters lung on inspiration but is unable to escape on expiration
- Increase pressure within lung resulting in a mediastinal shift
- Heart and great vessels are displaced and become compressed
- DANGEROUS and LIFE-THREATENING
Pleural effusion
- Consist of fluid in the pleural space
- Fluid can be from blood, lymphatic vessels or abscesses
- Fluid may be transudative or exudative
Transudative = Blood (hemothorax)
Exudative = Pus (Epyema)
Hemothorax
Hemorrhage into pleural space
Empyema
Pus in the pleural space
Restrictive lung disorder and impact on the respiratory system
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Define and describe S&S of pulmonary disease
Dyspnea: Breathing discomfort with an attempt to INCREASE respiratory effort (aka
SOB, breathlessness)
- 3 Severe signs of dyspnea
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal space
Cough: body's way of responding when something irritates your throat or airways
Define and differentiate between hypoxemia and hypoxia
Hypoxemia: Decrease oxygen of arterial blood, presents as central cyanosis
Hypoxia: Decrease oxygen in cells of TISSUES, presents as peripheral cyanosis
- Hypoxemia can LEAD to hypoxia
Respiratory failure
Inadequate gas exchange resulting in:
- Decrease oxygen
- Increase CO2
- Decrease pH
,Flail chest and its clinical manifestations
Caused by fracture of multiple ribs or a fractured sternum
Clinical M.
- Instability of chest wall
- Paradoxical movement of chest wall
- Impaired gas exchange -> hypercapnia
Different types of embolisms
Embolism: The obstruction of a vessel by a BOLUS of matter circulating in the
bloodstream
Arteries:
- Arterial thromboembolism: Dislodged thrombus; source is usually from heart, common
sites are lower extremities
Veins:
- Venous thromboembolism: Dislodged thrombus; source is usually from lower
extremities; obstructs branches of pulmonary artery
- Air embolism: Bolus of air displaces bond in vasculature; source room air entering
circulation through IV lines
- Amniotic fluid embolism: Bolus of amniotic fluid; extensive intra-abdominal pressure
,attending labour and delivery can force amniotic fluid into bloodstream of mother
- Bacterial embolism: Aggregates bacteria in bloodstream
- Fat embolism: Globules of fat floating in bloodstream associated with trauma to long
bones
- Foreign matter: Small particles or fibres introduced during trauma or through an IV
Pulmonary embolism
Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an EMBOLUS
Pneumothorax (Primary or Spontaneous)
- More common in young men
- Etiology: Idiopathic
- Blebs are located primarily on apex of lungs
- Blebs rupture during sleep, rest or exercise
Pneumothorax (secondary)
- Causes include any type of chest trauma
- Including rupture of blebs and bullae (emphysema)
- Can lead to tension pneumothorax
Pneumothorax (iatrogenic)
Iatrogenic pneumothorax is a patient safety indicator (PSI) condition. It is a traumatic
pneumothorax secondary to an invasive procedure or surgery. The most common
cause is the placement of a subclavian central venous line (CVL)
, Pneumothorax (Open)
An open pneumothorax occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the
lung as the result of an open chest wound or other physical defect.
Pneumothorax (Tension pneumothorax)
- Site of pleural rupture acts like a one-way valve
- Air enters lung on inspiration but is unable to escape on expiration
- Increase pressure within lung resulting in a mediastinal shift
- Heart and great vessels are displaced and become compressed
- DANGEROUS and LIFE-THREATENING
Pleural effusion
- Consist of fluid in the pleural space
- Fluid can be from blood, lymphatic vessels or abscesses
- Fluid may be transudative or exudative
Transudative = Blood (hemothorax)
Exudative = Pus (Epyema)
Hemothorax
Hemorrhage into pleural space
Empyema
Pus in the pleural space
Restrictive lung disorder and impact on the respiratory system
