PATH 1000 MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Nociceptive Pain
pain receptors in the PNS being stimulated by mechanical, thermal or chemical means
Pain Threshold
lowest intensity of pain that a person recognizes
Pain Tolerance
greatest intensity of pain that can be endured
Acute Pain
protective mechanism and sudden onset. Warning of an actual or impending tissue
injury
- Presents as increased HR, HTN, diaphoresis and anxiety
Somatic Pain
occurs in connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin
Visceral Pain
pain in internal organs and lining of body cavities associated with nausea, vomiting and
restlessness
Referred Pain
occurs in an area distant from the point of region
,- Visceral sensory fibers enter the spinal cord along with sensory fibers from another
point in the body → fibers converge → carry signals to the cerebral cortex
Persistent Pain (Chronic Pain)
pain lasting longer than 3 months and may be persistent. Onset can be sudden or
develop insidiously
- Leads to physiological adaptation & behavioural and psychological changes
Neuralgia
pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuropathic Pain
pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system
Phantom Limb Pain
neuropathic pain from nerve trauma or disease
- Occurs in patients who had pain prior to amputation
- Cause:
• Hyperactivity of peripheral nerves
• Scar tissue
• Neuroma formation
Myofascial Pain
pain and inflammation in the fascia that covers muscles due to injury and spams
(chronic condition)
Thermoregulation
,process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature mediated by the
hypothalamus and endocrine system
How does aging affect thermoregulation?
- Decreased shivering
- Slowed BMR
- Decreased sweating
- Slowed blood circulation
- Changes to the skin
- Decreased heat producing activities
Mechanism of Heat Loss
- Autonomic Nervous system:
• Evaporation & vasodilation
- Relation to environmental temperature:
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection - transfer liquids/gases through the air from a warmer environment to a
cooler environment
Mechanism of Heat Conservation
- Vasoconstriction by sympathetic nervous system
Ex: dressing in layers helps with heat conservation as it traps heat in
Fever
, temporary response to either endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
- Hypothalamus & Brainstem Cause:
• Increased heat production & conservation
• Peripheral vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine release
How does fever effect older adults & infants?
- Older Adults
• Limited fever response to infection
• May lead to increased morbidity & mortality
- Infants
• Inability to shiver
• High temps can occur in mild infections
• May develop febrile seizures
Hyperthermia
increased body temperature without hypothalamus trigger.
- Can lead to nerve damage, convulsions & death
Heat Cramps
heat illness due to muscle spasms from loss of large amount of salt and water through
exercise
Heat Exhaustion
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Nociceptive Pain
pain receptors in the PNS being stimulated by mechanical, thermal or chemical means
Pain Threshold
lowest intensity of pain that a person recognizes
Pain Tolerance
greatest intensity of pain that can be endured
Acute Pain
protective mechanism and sudden onset. Warning of an actual or impending tissue
injury
- Presents as increased HR, HTN, diaphoresis and anxiety
Somatic Pain
occurs in connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin
Visceral Pain
pain in internal organs and lining of body cavities associated with nausea, vomiting and
restlessness
Referred Pain
occurs in an area distant from the point of region
,- Visceral sensory fibers enter the spinal cord along with sensory fibers from another
point in the body → fibers converge → carry signals to the cerebral cortex
Persistent Pain (Chronic Pain)
pain lasting longer than 3 months and may be persistent. Onset can be sudden or
develop insidiously
- Leads to physiological adaptation & behavioural and psychological changes
Neuralgia
pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuropathic Pain
pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system
Phantom Limb Pain
neuropathic pain from nerve trauma or disease
- Occurs in patients who had pain prior to amputation
- Cause:
• Hyperactivity of peripheral nerves
• Scar tissue
• Neuroma formation
Myofascial Pain
pain and inflammation in the fascia that covers muscles due to injury and spams
(chronic condition)
Thermoregulation
,process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature mediated by the
hypothalamus and endocrine system
How does aging affect thermoregulation?
- Decreased shivering
- Slowed BMR
- Decreased sweating
- Slowed blood circulation
- Changes to the skin
- Decreased heat producing activities
Mechanism of Heat Loss
- Autonomic Nervous system:
• Evaporation & vasodilation
- Relation to environmental temperature:
• Radiation
• Conduction
• Convection - transfer liquids/gases through the air from a warmer environment to a
cooler environment
Mechanism of Heat Conservation
- Vasoconstriction by sympathetic nervous system
Ex: dressing in layers helps with heat conservation as it traps heat in
Fever
, temporary response to either endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
- Hypothalamus & Brainstem Cause:
• Increased heat production & conservation
• Peripheral vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine release
How does fever effect older adults & infants?
- Older Adults
• Limited fever response to infection
• May lead to increased morbidity & mortality
- Infants
• Inability to shiver
• High temps can occur in mild infections
• May develop febrile seizures
Hyperthermia
increased body temperature without hypothalamus trigger.
- Can lead to nerve damage, convulsions & death
Heat Cramps
heat illness due to muscle spasms from loss of large amount of salt and water through
exercise
Heat Exhaustion
