PATH1000 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
Diabetes Mellitus
- abnormally high plasma glucose concentration due to inadequate insulin secretion /
abnormal target cell responsiveness
- types of diabetes:
↳ type 1 and type 2 diabetes
↳ gestational diabetes
↳ pre-diabetes (impaired glucose metabolism or borderline diabetes → can lead to type
2 diabetes)
- contributing factors
↳ hereditary (not exclusively genetic)
↳ diet related
↳ lifestyle
Symptoms
- polyruia
↳ frequent urination due to excessive production of urine
- polydipsia
↳ frequent drinking due to excessive thirst
- polyphagia
↳ frequent eating due to excessive hunger
,↳ weight loss despite an increase in appetite
- type 2 diabetes symptoms are usually insidious
Type 1 Diabetes
- usually during childhood ( < age 10 )
- autoimmune → possibly triggered by a virus
- unknown cause
- body attacks pancreatic β cells
Type 2 Diabetes
- onset is for > 35 year olds
- onset takes longer to occur
- metabolic disorder
↳ variations in enzymes → may not be optimal
- risk factors:
↳ obesity
↳ physical activity
↳ increases with age
↳ male v. demale
- unknown cause
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
- if a person is diabetic, these effects occur over a long period of time
↳ neuropathy
↳ nephropathy
↳ retinopathy
,↳ diabetic ulcers
↳ amputations
↳ diabetic coma → death
↳ increased chance of having a stroke
Blood Glucose Control
- glucose dependent insulin secretion is modulated by a number of hormones and
neurotransmitters released from peripheral ANS
↳ ACh facilitates the release of insulin in a glucose-dependent fashion via M₃ receptors
on pancreatic β-cells
- hormones
↳ glucagon and adrenalin indirectly stimulate insulin release by promoting glucose entry
into the blood stream
↳ somatostatin inhibits glucagon and insulin release
Glucose Levels and Feed
- before eating, an individuals glucose levels are low
- after eating, blood glucose levels rise
- glucose levels fall over time
↳ insulin amounts should correlate with blood glucose levels
Glycemic Index
- rates carbohydrate foods based on how quickly blood glucose levels increase 2 hours
after eating a carbohydrate
- neither fat nor protein increase blood glucose level
Glycolysis
, - glucose metabolism for ATP production
Gluconeogenesis
- glucose de novo synthesis
Glycogenolysis
- glycogen breakdown to generate glucose molecules
Lipogenesis
- de novo lipid synthesis
Lipolysis
- lipid breakdown
Glucose Transporters
- cell membranes are "lipid bilayers" while glucose is hydrophilic
- glucose cannot easily cross cell membranes
- glucose transporters facilitates movement of glucose across membrane
- GLUT-2 transporter allows glucose uptake and metabolism to occur rapidly
- glycolytic cycle + TCA cucle, generated ATP
- ATP generated can inhibit K⁺ efflux channel
↳ K⁺ builds up within cell, membrane potential is brought up to threshold, so
depolarisation occurs
↳ calcium channels open so more calcium can enter
- release of insulin
↳ binds to receptors in fat / muscle cells
Glut 1
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS
Diabetes Mellitus
- abnormally high plasma glucose concentration due to inadequate insulin secretion /
abnormal target cell responsiveness
- types of diabetes:
↳ type 1 and type 2 diabetes
↳ gestational diabetes
↳ pre-diabetes (impaired glucose metabolism or borderline diabetes → can lead to type
2 diabetes)
- contributing factors
↳ hereditary (not exclusively genetic)
↳ diet related
↳ lifestyle
Symptoms
- polyruia
↳ frequent urination due to excessive production of urine
- polydipsia
↳ frequent drinking due to excessive thirst
- polyphagia
↳ frequent eating due to excessive hunger
,↳ weight loss despite an increase in appetite
- type 2 diabetes symptoms are usually insidious
Type 1 Diabetes
- usually during childhood ( < age 10 )
- autoimmune → possibly triggered by a virus
- unknown cause
- body attacks pancreatic β cells
Type 2 Diabetes
- onset is for > 35 year olds
- onset takes longer to occur
- metabolic disorder
↳ variations in enzymes → may not be optimal
- risk factors:
↳ obesity
↳ physical activity
↳ increases with age
↳ male v. demale
- unknown cause
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
- if a person is diabetic, these effects occur over a long period of time
↳ neuropathy
↳ nephropathy
↳ retinopathy
,↳ diabetic ulcers
↳ amputations
↳ diabetic coma → death
↳ increased chance of having a stroke
Blood Glucose Control
- glucose dependent insulin secretion is modulated by a number of hormones and
neurotransmitters released from peripheral ANS
↳ ACh facilitates the release of insulin in a glucose-dependent fashion via M₃ receptors
on pancreatic β-cells
- hormones
↳ glucagon and adrenalin indirectly stimulate insulin release by promoting glucose entry
into the blood stream
↳ somatostatin inhibits glucagon and insulin release
Glucose Levels and Feed
- before eating, an individuals glucose levels are low
- after eating, blood glucose levels rise
- glucose levels fall over time
↳ insulin amounts should correlate with blood glucose levels
Glycemic Index
- rates carbohydrate foods based on how quickly blood glucose levels increase 2 hours
after eating a carbohydrate
- neither fat nor protein increase blood glucose level
Glycolysis
, - glucose metabolism for ATP production
Gluconeogenesis
- glucose de novo synthesis
Glycogenolysis
- glycogen breakdown to generate glucose molecules
Lipogenesis
- de novo lipid synthesis
Lipolysis
- lipid breakdown
Glucose Transporters
- cell membranes are "lipid bilayers" while glucose is hydrophilic
- glucose cannot easily cross cell membranes
- glucose transporters facilitates movement of glucose across membrane
- GLUT-2 transporter allows glucose uptake and metabolism to occur rapidly
- glycolytic cycle + TCA cucle, generated ATP
- ATP generated can inhibit K⁺ efflux channel
↳ K⁺ builds up within cell, membrane potential is brought up to threshold, so
depolarisation occurs
↳ calcium channels open so more calcium can enter
- release of insulin
↳ binds to receptors in fat / muscle cells
Glut 1
