PATH 1000 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Each year foodborne illnesses cause
• 48 million illnesses
• 128,000 hospitalizations
• 3000 deaths
•Annual health care costs >15 billion USD
• 600 million illnesses (1 in 10)
• 420,000 deaths
How much is lost each year to medical expenses?
US $110 billion is lost each year in medical expenses
Child disease
Children under 5 years of age carry 40% of the disease burden, 125,000 deaths every
year.
Remember the six major causes of foodborne diseases
•Bacteria,
•Viruses (Norovirus, Hepatitis B virus)
•Parasites (Toxoplasma gondii)
•Prions (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob, CJD, neurodegenerative disorder, due to consumption
of contaminated meat)
•Toxins (Clostridium botulinum)
•Harmful chemicals.
,chemical contaminants in drinking water
Aluminum, arsenic, disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes and dichloroacetic acid),
flouride, nitrate, lead, radon, pesticide residue (2, 4-D, malathion, diazinon, and
fenpropimorph), Sulfate (gypsum, anhydrite, barite, and celestine)
Bacteria causes of foodborne illness (with economic impact)
Bacteria (The big 8):
–Salmonella spp. (~ 1.2 million illnesses in the USA)($4.1 billion)
–Campylobacter jejuni (~ 1.5 million illnesses in the USA)($2.1 billion)
–Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
–Staphylococcus aureus
–Clostridium perfringens (~ 1 million illnesses in the USA)
–Listeria monocytogenes ($3.2 billion)
–Clostridium botulinum
–Vibrio
Virulence factors
Host, food products, processing environment
Virulence factors in bacteria
Attachment proteins: (adhesion pili, surface proteins, adhesins, fimbriae), Secretion
system (T3SS, T4SS), Capsule (phagocytosis, complement pathways), Flagella
(bacterial motility, chemotaxis, colonization), Enzymes (Mucinase, protease, lipase),
Exotoxins (cholera toxin, C. difficle toxins, CDT)
Colonization in chickens
, Reservoir host for campylobacter (penetrate lumen, outer and inner mucus), salmonella
(through egg penetration)
Pathophysiology of Campylobacteriosis in humans
Colonization in cattle
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Poultry farm foodborne illness control
Pest control, controlled access, chlorine, quaternary ammonium, trisodium phosphate
Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry industry
Vaccination, bacteriophage, pre/pro - biotics, phytochemicals
Control of microorganisms in food processing environment
Control of Access of Microorganisms,
Control by Disinfectants,
Chlorine based sanitizer washing, 200 ppm;
Peracetic acids
Control of microorganisms in food.
Post-harvest contamination
Control of Access of Microorganisms
Control by Physical Removal
Control by heat
Control by low temperatures
Control by reduced water activity and Drying
Control by low pH and organic acids
Control by Modified Atmosphere
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Each year foodborne illnesses cause
• 48 million illnesses
• 128,000 hospitalizations
• 3000 deaths
•Annual health care costs >15 billion USD
• 600 million illnesses (1 in 10)
• 420,000 deaths
How much is lost each year to medical expenses?
US $110 billion is lost each year in medical expenses
Child disease
Children under 5 years of age carry 40% of the disease burden, 125,000 deaths every
year.
Remember the six major causes of foodborne diseases
•Bacteria,
•Viruses (Norovirus, Hepatitis B virus)
•Parasites (Toxoplasma gondii)
•Prions (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob, CJD, neurodegenerative disorder, due to consumption
of contaminated meat)
•Toxins (Clostridium botulinum)
•Harmful chemicals.
,chemical contaminants in drinking water
Aluminum, arsenic, disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes and dichloroacetic acid),
flouride, nitrate, lead, radon, pesticide residue (2, 4-D, malathion, diazinon, and
fenpropimorph), Sulfate (gypsum, anhydrite, barite, and celestine)
Bacteria causes of foodborne illness (with economic impact)
Bacteria (The big 8):
–Salmonella spp. (~ 1.2 million illnesses in the USA)($4.1 billion)
–Campylobacter jejuni (~ 1.5 million illnesses in the USA)($2.1 billion)
–Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
–Staphylococcus aureus
–Clostridium perfringens (~ 1 million illnesses in the USA)
–Listeria monocytogenes ($3.2 billion)
–Clostridium botulinum
–Vibrio
Virulence factors
Host, food products, processing environment
Virulence factors in bacteria
Attachment proteins: (adhesion pili, surface proteins, adhesins, fimbriae), Secretion
system (T3SS, T4SS), Capsule (phagocytosis, complement pathways), Flagella
(bacterial motility, chemotaxis, colonization), Enzymes (Mucinase, protease, lipase),
Exotoxins (cholera toxin, C. difficle toxins, CDT)
Colonization in chickens
, Reservoir host for campylobacter (penetrate lumen, outer and inner mucus), salmonella
(through egg penetration)
Pathophysiology of Campylobacteriosis in humans
Colonization in cattle
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Poultry farm foodborne illness control
Pest control, controlled access, chlorine, quaternary ammonium, trisodium phosphate
Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry industry
Vaccination, bacteriophage, pre/pro - biotics, phytochemicals
Control of microorganisms in food processing environment
Control of Access of Microorganisms,
Control by Disinfectants,
Chlorine based sanitizer washing, 200 ppm;
Peracetic acids
Control of microorganisms in food.
Post-harvest contamination
Control of Access of Microorganisms
Control by Physical Removal
Control by heat
Control by low temperatures
Control by reduced water activity and Drying
Control by low pH and organic acids
Control by Modified Atmosphere
