HNF 471 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
DM 1 , T1DM
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin die to destruction of pancreatic B-
cells, resulting in the inability of cells to use glucose for energy
Immune mediated
Idiopathic
DM 2, T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
example of hyporesponsiveness caused by a lack or deficiency of hormone receptors
on the target cell
GDM
Gestational diabetes
BG, BS
Blood glucose, blood sugar
SMBG
Self monitoring of blood glucose
ADA
american diabetes association
HbA1C
Glycosylated hemoglobin
,HHS or HHNS
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic (non-ketoic) syndrome
DKA
diabetic keroacidosis
OGTT
oral glucose tolerence test
timed to examine the efficiency of the body in metabolism of glucose
rarely needed to diagnose T1DM
common for GDM or in children
GADA
glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody test
most sensitive marker for identifying persons at risk for developing T1DM
ICA
Islet Cell autoantibodies test
measures a group of islet cell autoantibodies
prevalence of ICA decreases the longer an individual has T1DM
IAA
Insulin autoantibodies test
Presence of IAA is evidenced of ongoing destruction of B-cells
must be preformed before insulin therapy is initiated since the test does not determine
whether the body's immune system is making autoantibodies against endogenous or
exogenous insulin
, primarily, though not exclusively in young children developing T1DM as an early
predictive marker
Anabolic
the phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex
materials of living tissue
Catabolic
the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a
release of energy
insulin
A peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that promotes the absorption
of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscle and fat tissue by causing fat to be stored
rather than used for energy - anabolic hormone - promotes uptake of glucose into
hepatic, muscle, and adipose cells - secreted in stimulation to increased levels of blood
glucose and by the action of counter-regulatory hormones including growth hormones
glucagon
a peptide hormone that is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas that raises the
concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (opposite effect of insulin). stimulates the
breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and production go new
glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenisis)
epinephrine
a hormone that is secreted from the adrenal medulla; regulates arterial blood pressure
and prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. It increases blood glucose -
adrenaline - promotes lipolysis - provision of energy for emergencies and exercise
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
DM 1 , T1DM
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin die to destruction of pancreatic B-
cells, resulting in the inability of cells to use glucose for energy
Immune mediated
Idiopathic
DM 2, T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
example of hyporesponsiveness caused by a lack or deficiency of hormone receptors
on the target cell
GDM
Gestational diabetes
BG, BS
Blood glucose, blood sugar
SMBG
Self monitoring of blood glucose
ADA
american diabetes association
HbA1C
Glycosylated hemoglobin
,HHS or HHNS
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic (non-ketoic) syndrome
DKA
diabetic keroacidosis
OGTT
oral glucose tolerence test
timed to examine the efficiency of the body in metabolism of glucose
rarely needed to diagnose T1DM
common for GDM or in children
GADA
glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody test
most sensitive marker for identifying persons at risk for developing T1DM
ICA
Islet Cell autoantibodies test
measures a group of islet cell autoantibodies
prevalence of ICA decreases the longer an individual has T1DM
IAA
Insulin autoantibodies test
Presence of IAA is evidenced of ongoing destruction of B-cells
must be preformed before insulin therapy is initiated since the test does not determine
whether the body's immune system is making autoantibodies against endogenous or
exogenous insulin
, primarily, though not exclusively in young children developing T1DM as an early
predictive marker
Anabolic
the phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex
materials of living tissue
Catabolic
the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a
release of energy
insulin
A peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that promotes the absorption
of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscle and fat tissue by causing fat to be stored
rather than used for energy - anabolic hormone - promotes uptake of glucose into
hepatic, muscle, and adipose cells - secreted in stimulation to increased levels of blood
glucose and by the action of counter-regulatory hormones including growth hormones
glucagon
a peptide hormone that is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas that raises the
concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (opposite effect of insulin). stimulates the
breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and production go new
glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenisis)
epinephrine
a hormone that is secreted from the adrenal medulla; regulates arterial blood pressure
and prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. It increases blood glucose -
adrenaline - promotes lipolysis - provision of energy for emergencies and exercise
