HNF 471 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
2 systems that influence weight/eating
homeostatic (appetite influenced by hormones; hunger and fullness); hedonic (eating
influenced by something other than hunger)
Satiation
measure of fullness that signals the end of an eating occasion (feeling)
Satiety
measure of time to next eating occasion (timeframe)
Expected satiety
how long you think the amount of a certain food will keep you full
Only GI hormone that increases food intake
ghrelin
Adiposity hormones
insulin and leptin
Anorexigenic hormones
activate the POM/CART neurons, and the message to stop eating is sent
Orexigenic hormones (or lack of anorexigenic hormones)
activate NPY/AGRP neurons, and the message to eat is sent
Hedonic drivers
reward system in brain, sensory properties of food, memory of previous experiences,
mood, fed vs. fasted state
,Reward system in the brain
eating produces endogenous opioids, dopamine, and serotonin (feel good chemicals) -
sugar is very good at this
3 ways to expend energy
basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
Factor influencing energy expenditure from basal metabolic rate
thyroid hormone (low-low)
Factor influencing energy expenditure from thermic effect of food
macronutrient content and food matrix; fat = easiest to digest, protein = hardest
Factor influencing energy expenditure from physical activity
muscle mass, duration, and intensity
Weight loss goals
- 3-5% loss reduces triglycerides, blood glucose, and risk of developing T2DM
- 5-10% loss decreases LDL cholesterol and BP, decreases amount of medication to
control T2DM
Weight maintenance
keeping weight off for at least a year
MNT for weight loss
- individualized diet of: 1200-1500 kcal/day for women; 1500-1800 kcal/day for men
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/day (use MSJ then subtract)
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (high CHO, low fiber, or high
fat) to create negative energy balance
Physical activity guidelines
, 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity/week or 75-150 minutes of vigorous
intensity physical activity per week
Insulin and leptin resistance
happens in obesity; Fat cells are full, leptin is released by adipose tissue, but brain
doesn't get the message to reduce intake despite LOTS of leptin (message isn't getting
through)
Factors associated with higher risk of weight regain
- decrease in leisure time physical activity, dietary restraint, and frequency of self-
weighing
- increase in percentage of energy intake from fat and disinhibition (not being as strict
with diet)
Metabolic adaptation
slowing of RMR that is often greater than would be expected based on the measured
changes in body composition
Ozempic
GLP-1 analog; delays stomach emptying so you feel fuller longer (Wegovy used for
weight loss, ozempic used for diabetes)
What type of disease is obesity?
chronic
Types of gastric bypass
restrictive, malabsorptive, restrictive-malabsorptive
Restrictive gastric bypass
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
2 systems that influence weight/eating
homeostatic (appetite influenced by hormones; hunger and fullness); hedonic (eating
influenced by something other than hunger)
Satiation
measure of fullness that signals the end of an eating occasion (feeling)
Satiety
measure of time to next eating occasion (timeframe)
Expected satiety
how long you think the amount of a certain food will keep you full
Only GI hormone that increases food intake
ghrelin
Adiposity hormones
insulin and leptin
Anorexigenic hormones
activate the POM/CART neurons, and the message to stop eating is sent
Orexigenic hormones (or lack of anorexigenic hormones)
activate NPY/AGRP neurons, and the message to eat is sent
Hedonic drivers
reward system in brain, sensory properties of food, memory of previous experiences,
mood, fed vs. fasted state
,Reward system in the brain
eating produces endogenous opioids, dopamine, and serotonin (feel good chemicals) -
sugar is very good at this
3 ways to expend energy
basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
Factor influencing energy expenditure from basal metabolic rate
thyroid hormone (low-low)
Factor influencing energy expenditure from thermic effect of food
macronutrient content and food matrix; fat = easiest to digest, protein = hardest
Factor influencing energy expenditure from physical activity
muscle mass, duration, and intensity
Weight loss goals
- 3-5% loss reduces triglycerides, blood glucose, and risk of developing T2DM
- 5-10% loss decreases LDL cholesterol and BP, decreases amount of medication to
control T2DM
Weight maintenance
keeping weight off for at least a year
MNT for weight loss
- individualized diet of: 1200-1500 kcal/day for women; 1500-1800 kcal/day for men
- energy deficit of 500-750 kcal/day (use MSJ then subtract)
- an evidenced-based diet that restricts certain food types (high CHO, low fiber, or high
fat) to create negative energy balance
Physical activity guidelines
, 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity/week or 75-150 minutes of vigorous
intensity physical activity per week
Insulin and leptin resistance
happens in obesity; Fat cells are full, leptin is released by adipose tissue, but brain
doesn't get the message to reduce intake despite LOTS of leptin (message isn't getting
through)
Factors associated with higher risk of weight regain
- decrease in leisure time physical activity, dietary restraint, and frequency of self-
weighing
- increase in percentage of energy intake from fat and disinhibition (not being as strict
with diet)
Metabolic adaptation
slowing of RMR that is often greater than would be expected based on the measured
changes in body composition
Ozempic
GLP-1 analog; delays stomach emptying so you feel fuller longer (Wegovy used for
weight loss, ozempic used for diabetes)
What type of disease is obesity?
chronic
Types of gastric bypass
restrictive, malabsorptive, restrictive-malabsorptive
Restrictive gastric bypass
