SPCE 630 Final Exam prep, SPCE 630 EXAM
LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 55
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
visual analysis of graphed data - ANSWER>>is the cornerstone of and most frequently used data
analysis method in SCD research, particularly for determining whether a study demonstrates
experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of data patterns and
evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis - ANSWER>>-can be used to evaluate data of individuals or small
groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to the original
research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and interpretation of results
formative visual analysis - ANSWER>>conducted within and across conditions to identify
behavior change during the course of a study.
behavior change - ANSWER>>occurs when data patterns in one condition are different from
data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for the same variable(s).
summative visual analysis - ANSWER>>conducted following study completion, across multiple
opportunities to demonstrate behavior change to determine whether a functional relation
exists between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
,adjacent conditions - ANSWER>>in SCD research, data patterns are examined within and across
adjacent conditions; when data in one condition differ from what is predicted based on the
preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated.
formative analysis is conducted in two steps - ANSWER>>1. within and across adjacent
condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses - ANSWER>>are conducted to discern patterns within a single
condition during a study. within condition visual analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability
are critical for determining when to change conditions, deciding whether adaptations need to
be made, and providing information related to ANSWERing research questions.
beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look for stability of data
across a minimum of at least three to five sessions prior to changing conditions.
condition change criteria - ANSWER>>should be made a priori based on hypothesized data
patterns. these criteria will guide both formative and summative decisions about experimental
control.
level - ANSWER>>refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as indicated by the ordinate
scale value. the characteristic of highest interest for behavior change, and is generally described
as low, moderate, or high.
trend - ANSWER>>the slope and direction of a data series or the direction data are moving over
time. three characteristics can be described: trend directions, trend magnitude, and trend
stability.
,trend direction - ANSWER>>referred to as accelerating, decelerating, or zero celebrating. trend
can further be characterized by magnitude, and is often described as steep or gradual and
paired with direction. also describe whether the direction of a trend is improving (therapeutic)
or deteriorating (contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend - ANSWER>>represents a common data pattern in SCD data that might
occur within a condition and particularly prior to the introduction of the independent variable.
this refers to trends that are in the opposite direction of the hypothesized direction of
improvement and can establish need for the intervention.
variability - ANSWER>>fluctuation from one data point to the next and is the opposite of
stability; in data with no trend, this can be summarized as the range of data values within a
condition or as the percentage of data points falling within a given stability envelope
stability - ANSWER>>is predictability and consistency of data values within a condition.
perceptions of this can be influenced by scales and ranges of y axes.
between condition visual analysis - ANSWER>>the objective of this is to identify if behavior
change has occurred. in SCD research a particular condition (B) is introduced and re-introduced
to one (eg. A-B-A-B) or more than one (multiple baseline design) data series to evaluate
whether there is a functional relation between independent and dependent variables.
functional relations - ANSWER>>are unequivocal demonstrations that an independent variable
produced reliable and consistent change in a dependent variable. the purpose of SCD research
is to determine if behavior change occurs when the intervention is introduced, and whether the
behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
, analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: - ANSWER>>a) changes in data
patterns (level, trend, variability) b) immediacy of change c) amount of overlapping data across
adjacent conditions d) consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change - ANSWER>>across adjacent conditions is the degree to which behavior
change occurs as soon as the intervention is introduced. when a large change in level occurs
immediately after introduction of a new condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in level,
which is indicative of an immediately powerful or immediately effective intervention.
overlap - ANSWER>>refers to values of data in one condition that are in the same range of
values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
consistency - ANSWER>>refers to the extent to which data patterns in one condition are similar
to data patterns in other conditions. confident determination that a functional relation exists
requires consistency in data patterns between iterations of the same condition and
inconsistency in data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
potential demonstrations of effect - ANSWER>>a functional relation can be identified when a)
there is a sufficient number of this (three opportunities to demonstrate behavior change
contingent on condition change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data
occur for all potential demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when - ANSWER>>a) there is a
successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions generate similar
levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and across (inter participant replication)
participants in a study. a minimum of three demonstrations of behavior change is required to
establish experimental control
LATEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM 55
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
visual analysis of graphed data - ANSWER>>is the cornerstone of and most frequently used data
analysis method in SCD research, particularly for determining whether a study demonstrates
experimental control.
involves systematic procedures used to evaluate specific characteristics of data patterns and
evaluate the presence of a functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis - ANSWER>>-can be used to evaluate data of individuals or small
groups depending on the unit of analysis specified in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to the original
research question or program objective.
-graphic presentation of data permits independent analysis and interpretation of results
formative visual analysis - ANSWER>>conducted within and across conditions to identify
behavior change during the course of a study.
behavior change - ANSWER>>occurs when data patterns in one condition are different from
data patterns in the subsequent, adjacent condition for the same variable(s).
summative visual analysis - ANSWER>>conducted following study completion, across multiple
opportunities to demonstrate behavior change to determine whether a functional relation
exists between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
,adjacent conditions - ANSWER>>in SCD research, data patterns are examined within and across
adjacent conditions; when data in one condition differ from what is predicted based on the
preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated.
formative analysis is conducted in two steps - ANSWER>>1. within and across adjacent
condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
within condition visual analyses - ANSWER>>are conducted to discern patterns within a single
condition during a study. within condition visual analyses of level, trend, and variability/stability
are critical for determining when to change conditions, deciding whether adaptations need to
be made, and providing information related to ANSWERing research questions.
beginning with the initial condition, typically baseline, you should look for stability of data
across a minimum of at least three to five sessions prior to changing conditions.
condition change criteria - ANSWER>>should be made a priori based on hypothesized data
patterns. these criteria will guide both formative and summative decisions about experimental
control.
level - ANSWER>>refers to the amount of behavior that occurs, as indicated by the ordinate
scale value. the characteristic of highest interest for behavior change, and is generally described
as low, moderate, or high.
trend - ANSWER>>the slope and direction of a data series or the direction data are moving over
time. three characteristics can be described: trend directions, trend magnitude, and trend
stability.
,trend direction - ANSWER>>referred to as accelerating, decelerating, or zero celebrating. trend
can further be characterized by magnitude, and is often described as steep or gradual and
paired with direction. also describe whether the direction of a trend is improving (therapeutic)
or deteriorating (contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend - ANSWER>>represents a common data pattern in SCD data that might
occur within a condition and particularly prior to the introduction of the independent variable.
this refers to trends that are in the opposite direction of the hypothesized direction of
improvement and can establish need for the intervention.
variability - ANSWER>>fluctuation from one data point to the next and is the opposite of
stability; in data with no trend, this can be summarized as the range of data values within a
condition or as the percentage of data points falling within a given stability envelope
stability - ANSWER>>is predictability and consistency of data values within a condition.
perceptions of this can be influenced by scales and ranges of y axes.
between condition visual analysis - ANSWER>>the objective of this is to identify if behavior
change has occurred. in SCD research a particular condition (B) is introduced and re-introduced
to one (eg. A-B-A-B) or more than one (multiple baseline design) data series to evaluate
whether there is a functional relation between independent and dependent variables.
functional relations - ANSWER>>are unequivocal demonstrations that an independent variable
produced reliable and consistent change in a dependent variable. the purpose of SCD research
is to determine if behavior change occurs when the intervention is introduced, and whether the
behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
, analysis of data across adjacent conditions entails determining: - ANSWER>>a) changes in data
patterns (level, trend, variability) b) immediacy of change c) amount of overlapping data across
adjacent conditions d) consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change - ANSWER>>across adjacent conditions is the degree to which behavior
change occurs as soon as the intervention is introduced. when a large change in level occurs
immediately after introduction of a new condition, it is referred to as an abrupt change in level,
which is indicative of an immediately powerful or immediately effective intervention.
overlap - ANSWER>>refers to values of data in one condition that are in the same range of
values of data in the subsequent, adjacent condition.
consistency - ANSWER>>refers to the extent to which data patterns in one condition are similar
to data patterns in other conditions. confident determination that a functional relation exists
requires consistency in data patterns between iterations of the same condition and
inconsistency in data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
potential demonstrations of effect - ANSWER>>a functional relation can be identified when a)
there is a sufficient number of this (three opportunities to demonstrate behavior change
contingent on condition change) and b) visual analysis suggests that consistent changes in data
occur for all potential demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be confirmed when - ANSWER>>a) there is a
successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions generate similar
levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and across (inter participant replication)
participants in a study. a minimum of three demonstrations of behavior change is required to
establish experimental control
