NUR 2063: Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide
a burn in which the first layer of skin (epidermis) is burned through and the dermis (second layer) is
damaged. Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering, and a mottled appearence. (Also called second-
degree burn). - ANSWER:Partial thickness burn
a burn involving destruction of the entire skin; extends into subcutaneous fat, muscle, or bone and often
causes severe scarring; commonly called a third-degree burn - ANSWER:Full thickness burn
Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants. - ANSWER:Atopic
dermatitis
abnormal redness of the skin - ANSWER:Errythema
infestation with lice - ANSWER:Pendiculosis
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or
nodules. - ANSWER:Squamous cell carcinoma
-wrinkles
-age spots
-enlarged pores
-delayed healing process
-decrease in melanin
-decrease in elasticity - ANSWER:Characteristics of aging skin
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints - ANSWER:GOUT
a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily due to loss of bone density -
ANSWER:Osteoporosis
injury to a ligament - ANSWER:Sprain
the total displacement of a bone from its joint - ANSWER:Dislocation
A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon - ANSWER:Strain
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency -
ANSWER:Osteomalacia
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity - ANSWER:Rickets
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine - ANSWER:Scoliosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition- pregnancy) - ANSWER:Lordosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. - ANSWER:Kyphosis
,involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created
by the fascia that separates groups of muscles - ANSWER:Compartment syndrome
inflammation of the bones and joints, degenerative bone disease - ANSWER:Osteoarthritis
classified according to position of bone and its ends after a break
- open (compound)
- closed (simple)
- comminuted
- greenstick
- spiral
- impact - ANSWER:Fracture types
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint - ANSWER:Subluxation
chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue -
ANSWER:Fibromyalgia
A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that
results in crippling deformities - ANSWER:Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine - ANSWER:Ankilosing
spondylitis
A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue followed by
abnormal bone formation. - ANSWER:Paget's disease
inflammation of a diverticulum - ANSWER:Diverticulitis
inward telescoping of the intestines - ANSWER:Intusseption
A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum -
ANSWER:Peptic ulcer disease
Liver CA, primary site is rare. Mets to lungs common. Usually a metastatic site- vascularity. Associated
with patients with hx of hep B or C. - ANSWER:Carcinoma of liver
mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine
cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel
- ANSWER:Intestinal obstruction
inflammation of the pancreas - ANSWER:Pancreatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by
exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids - ANSWER:Hepatitis B
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal
contamination of food or water - ANSWER:Hepatitis A
, swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage -
ANSWER:Esophageal varices
alcoholic liver disease - ANSWER:Liver disease
GERD, achalasia, Barrett's, etc. - ANSWER:Esophageal disease
liver cell failure and portal hypertension - ANSWER:End stage cirrhosis
Black tarry stools - ANSWER:Gastric ulcers with bleeding stool consistency
the areas of the back that are over the kidneys; CVA tenderness on exam can indicate kidney infection -
ANSWER:Costovertebral angle (CVA)
The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from diabetes, chronic hypertension, or
glomerulonephritis) that is marked by the complete or nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function
- ANSWER:End stage renal disease
Can be caused by hemorrhage and dehydration, which lead to decreased renal perfusion - ANSWER:Pre-
renal kidney injury
Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split &
produce angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal
gland to release aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction - ANSWER:RAAS (renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system)
when decreased blood pressure the afferent arterioles secrete the enzyme renin this brings about
angiotenisin II - ANSWER:Secretion of renin
Can indicate kidney failure - ANSWER:Albumin in kidneys
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis resulting in kidney infetion - ANSWER:Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney - ANSWER:Glomerulonephritis
a hereditary kidney disease in which many cysts grow in the kidneys; these cyst can lead to kidney failure
- ANSWER:Poly cystic kidney disease (PKD)
- ANSWER:AKI
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue and weakness.
Sleep problems.
Changes in how much you urinate.
Decreased mental sharpness.
a burn in which the first layer of skin (epidermis) is burned through and the dermis (second layer) is
damaged. Burns of this type cause reddening, blistering, and a mottled appearence. (Also called second-
degree burn). - ANSWER:Partial thickness burn
a burn involving destruction of the entire skin; extends into subcutaneous fat, muscle, or bone and often
causes severe scarring; commonly called a third-degree burn - ANSWER:Full thickness burn
Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants. - ANSWER:Atopic
dermatitis
abnormal redness of the skin - ANSWER:Errythema
infestation with lice - ANSWER:Pendiculosis
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or
nodules. - ANSWER:Squamous cell carcinoma
-wrinkles
-age spots
-enlarged pores
-delayed healing process
-decrease in melanin
-decrease in elasticity - ANSWER:Characteristics of aging skin
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints - ANSWER:GOUT
a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily due to loss of bone density -
ANSWER:Osteoporosis
injury to a ligament - ANSWER:Sprain
the total displacement of a bone from its joint - ANSWER:Dislocation
A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon - ANSWER:Strain
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency -
ANSWER:Osteomalacia
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity - ANSWER:Rickets
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine - ANSWER:Scoliosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition- pregnancy) - ANSWER:Lordosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. - ANSWER:Kyphosis
,involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created
by the fascia that separates groups of muscles - ANSWER:Compartment syndrome
inflammation of the bones and joints, degenerative bone disease - ANSWER:Osteoarthritis
classified according to position of bone and its ends after a break
- open (compound)
- closed (simple)
- comminuted
- greenstick
- spiral
- impact - ANSWER:Fracture types
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint - ANSWER:Subluxation
chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue -
ANSWER:Fibromyalgia
A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that
results in crippling deformities - ANSWER:Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine - ANSWER:Ankilosing
spondylitis
A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue followed by
abnormal bone formation. - ANSWER:Paget's disease
inflammation of a diverticulum - ANSWER:Diverticulitis
inward telescoping of the intestines - ANSWER:Intusseption
A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum -
ANSWER:Peptic ulcer disease
Liver CA, primary site is rare. Mets to lungs common. Usually a metastatic site- vascularity. Associated
with patients with hx of hep B or C. - ANSWER:Carcinoma of liver
mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines that occurs when the contents of the intestine
cannot move forward through the intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel
- ANSWER:Intestinal obstruction
inflammation of the pancreas - ANSWER:Pancreatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by
exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids - ANSWER:Hepatitis B
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal
contamination of food or water - ANSWER:Hepatitis A
, swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage -
ANSWER:Esophageal varices
alcoholic liver disease - ANSWER:Liver disease
GERD, achalasia, Barrett's, etc. - ANSWER:Esophageal disease
liver cell failure and portal hypertension - ANSWER:End stage cirrhosis
Black tarry stools - ANSWER:Gastric ulcers with bleeding stool consistency
the areas of the back that are over the kidneys; CVA tenderness on exam can indicate kidney infection -
ANSWER:Costovertebral angle (CVA)
The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from diabetes, chronic hypertension, or
glomerulonephritis) that is marked by the complete or nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function
- ANSWER:End stage renal disease
Can be caused by hemorrhage and dehydration, which lead to decreased renal perfusion - ANSWER:Pre-
renal kidney injury
Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split &
produce angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal
gland to release aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction - ANSWER:RAAS (renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system)
when decreased blood pressure the afferent arterioles secrete the enzyme renin this brings about
angiotenisin II - ANSWER:Secretion of renin
Can indicate kidney failure - ANSWER:Albumin in kidneys
inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis resulting in kidney infetion - ANSWER:Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney - ANSWER:Glomerulonephritis
a hereditary kidney disease in which many cysts grow in the kidneys; these cyst can lead to kidney failure
- ANSWER:Poly cystic kidney disease (PKD)
- ANSWER:AKI
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue and weakness.
Sleep problems.
Changes in how much you urinate.
Decreased mental sharpness.
