Exam 3)NUR 426 Exam 3: 100% Verified Questions & Answers
Define Epidemiology - ANSWER:The study of diseases and factors that affect the health and illness of a
population
Historical :Briefly explain who John Snow was, and why is he important to Epidemiology -
ANSWER:Identified the Broad Street pump as the source of a cholera epidemic in London.
Resulted in:
- Improved sanitation
- Disease mapping: frequency distribution of deaths, location of deaths, patterns of deaths
List at least 3 phases of epidemiology in ORDER - ANSWER:1. Sanitation
2. infectious
2. risk factors
Define and if applicable, provide an example of :What are 4 common modifiable Risk Factors: -
ANSWER:poor nutrition, low physical activity, tobacco, alcohol use
Environmental Risk Factors - ANSWER:- safe air quality
- safe water
- safe soil
Genetic Risk Factors (Genomics) - ANSWER:heritability of factors that have an impact on the
development of illness and disease
List the 3 constants that are Foundational for any epi investigation: - ANSWER:Person
Place
Time
FRAME WORKS List and describe 3 epidemiological Frame works: - ANSWER:- Epidemiological triangle:
host, agent, environment (applied to all diseases)
- Web of causation: Complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by multiple causes
affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health
- Ecological model: Design health promotion interventions, Understand health behavior, Include groups
as a unit of analysis
List and briefly describe the 7 questions used in Epi investigation - ANSWER:Who, what, when, where,
why, how, how long?
- analyzes illness at a population level
, - determines interventions
- naturalistic experiment
What is Herd immunity - ANSWER:- Greater population protected (vaccine)
- Protects those who cannot be vaccinated or choose not to be
Define Causality: List and briefly describe Demography and Biostatistics - ANSWER:- causality:
stimulus/action that results in an effect/outcome, determines if a statistical relationship exists between
risk factor and health effect
- demography: person-related variables are compared over two or more time periods to establish trends
within the population of interest
- biostatistics: The analysis of data related to human organisms, Used in public health science and other
biological sciences, Examines variations among biological organisms
Chronic care model focus - ANSWER:Occurs across the continuum of the disease with a focus on care
over time, reframes NCD care within a long term management. Both secondary and tertiary prevention
strategies. COPD, HTN, diabetes
Describe Epidemic /Pandemic/Endemic - ANSWER:- Eip: significant increase in disease
- End: numbers of diseases within a population
- Pan: outbreaks around the world
What are the vectors or agents that transmit disease from reservoirs to the host - ANSWER:1. Bacteria
2. Rickettsia
3. Viruses
4. Mycoses
5. Protozoa
6. Helminths
7. Arthropods
- Vectors are usually insects that carry the disease from the reservoir to humans
- Fomite is an inanimate object
DESCRIBE how to control the spread of disease - ANSWER:1) changing the environment
2) deactivating the agent
3) increasing host resistance
What is the web of causation - ANSWER:Complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by
multiple causes affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health. This is
the best framework for a PHN to use to understand multiple risk factors.
Define Epidemiology - ANSWER:The study of diseases and factors that affect the health and illness of a
population
Historical :Briefly explain who John Snow was, and why is he important to Epidemiology -
ANSWER:Identified the Broad Street pump as the source of a cholera epidemic in London.
Resulted in:
- Improved sanitation
- Disease mapping: frequency distribution of deaths, location of deaths, patterns of deaths
List at least 3 phases of epidemiology in ORDER - ANSWER:1. Sanitation
2. infectious
2. risk factors
Define and if applicable, provide an example of :What are 4 common modifiable Risk Factors: -
ANSWER:poor nutrition, low physical activity, tobacco, alcohol use
Environmental Risk Factors - ANSWER:- safe air quality
- safe water
- safe soil
Genetic Risk Factors (Genomics) - ANSWER:heritability of factors that have an impact on the
development of illness and disease
List the 3 constants that are Foundational for any epi investigation: - ANSWER:Person
Place
Time
FRAME WORKS List and describe 3 epidemiological Frame works: - ANSWER:- Epidemiological triangle:
host, agent, environment (applied to all diseases)
- Web of causation: Complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by multiple causes
affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health
- Ecological model: Design health promotion interventions, Understand health behavior, Include groups
as a unit of analysis
List and briefly describe the 7 questions used in Epi investigation - ANSWER:Who, what, when, where,
why, how, how long?
- analyzes illness at a population level
, - determines interventions
- naturalistic experiment
What is Herd immunity - ANSWER:- Greater population protected (vaccine)
- Protects those who cannot be vaccinated or choose not to be
Define Causality: List and briefly describe Demography and Biostatistics - ANSWER:- causality:
stimulus/action that results in an effect/outcome, determines if a statistical relationship exists between
risk factor and health effect
- demography: person-related variables are compared over two or more time periods to establish trends
within the population of interest
- biostatistics: The analysis of data related to human organisms, Used in public health science and other
biological sciences, Examines variations among biological organisms
Chronic care model focus - ANSWER:Occurs across the continuum of the disease with a focus on care
over time, reframes NCD care within a long term management. Both secondary and tertiary prevention
strategies. COPD, HTN, diabetes
Describe Epidemic /Pandemic/Endemic - ANSWER:- Eip: significant increase in disease
- End: numbers of diseases within a population
- Pan: outbreaks around the world
What are the vectors or agents that transmit disease from reservoirs to the host - ANSWER:1. Bacteria
2. Rickettsia
3. Viruses
4. Mycoses
5. Protozoa
6. Helminths
7. Arthropods
- Vectors are usually insects that carry the disease from the reservoir to humans
- Fomite is an inanimate object
DESCRIBE how to control the spread of disease - ANSWER:1) changing the environment
2) deactivating the agent
3) increasing host resistance
What is the web of causation - ANSWER:Complexity of how illness, disease, and injury are determined by
multiple causes affected by interactions of biological and sociobehavioral determinants of health. This is
the best framework for a PHN to use to understand multiple risk factors.
