Test Bank Complete_ Human Biology: Concepts and
Current Issues 9th Edition, By Michael D. Johnson All
Chapter| Newest Version| Questions with Correct
Answer | Verified
What are germline cells - ANSWERThey are found in ovaries and testis and can divide
by mitosis then meiosis
What is cellular differentiation? - ANSWERthe process by which a cell becomes
specialized to perform a specific function
What are somatic cells - ANSWERSomatic cells are any cell in the body other than
cells involved in reproduction, they divide by mitosis
What are stem cells? - ANSWERunspecialised cells which can divide into many types
of cells
How many chromosomes do humans have - ANSWERThey have 46 chromosomes
divided into 23 pairs
What is differentiation - ANSWERThe process in which an un-specialised cells
becomes specialised.
What are embryonic stem cells? - ANSWERUnspecialised cells that can develop into
any type of cell
What are the differences between embryonic and tissue stem cells -
ANSWEREmbryonic are able to divide into any type of cell so are pluripotent.
Tissue stem cells are only able to divide into a limited amount of cells of the same
type, they are multipotent
Where are tissue stem cells found? - ANSWERSkin or bone marrow
Gives examples of both cells - ANSWERTissue - bone marrow, phagocytes,
lymphocytes
Embryonic - gametes
What can stem cells in bone marrow do? - ANSWERdifferentiate into blood cells,
platelets, phagocytes and lymphocytes
What are the therapeutic and research uses of stem cells - ANSWERTherapeutic-
repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues
Research- create model cells to study how diseases develop.
,what do somatic cells divide by? - ANSWERmitosis to produce more somatic stem
cells
What do germline cells divide by? - ANSWERMitosis then meiosis to produce haploid
gamete
Describe the antiparallel structure - ANSWER-Runs in a 3' to 5' direction and
opposite on other
-has deoxyribose at the 3' and 5' at phosphate at end
What are chromosomes composed of? - ANSWERTightly coiled DNA and packaged
with associated proteins.
Describe the stages of replication of DNA? - ANSWER- DNA strands unwound and
unzipped
- The weak hydrogen bonds are then broken
- DNA polymerase requires a primer to start replication
- DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides
- DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in a 3' to 5' direction, cause on to be
replicated continuously and other in fragments
- Ligase then joins the completed stand.
what is a DNA polymerase - ANSWERAn enzyme which adds free nucleotides during
DNA replication
What is a primer - ANSWERA primer is a short complementary strand of nucleotides
which binds to the 3' end of the template.
What are the stages of PCR? - ANSWERStep 1 - separate the strands (92 to 98)
Step 2 - Cooled to allow primer to bind to target sequence (50-65)
Step 3 - Heated to allow heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate (70-80)
What are the applications of PCR? - ANSWERUsed to amplify DNA and can be used to
confirm the presence of of individuals at crime scenes
What does gene expression involve? - ANSWERtranscription then translation.
Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed.
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWERDNA: double-stranded
RNA: single-stranded
DNA has deoxyribose sugar RNA has ribose sugar DNA has bases: A, T, G, C RNA has
bases: A, U, G, C
What are the two stages that genes are expressed - ANSWERTranscription then
translation
What order is DNA Synthesized? - ANSWERDNA to mRNA to tRNA
, Where does translation occur? - ANSWERribosome
where does transcription take place - ANSWERnucleus
Describe transcription - ANSWER- RNA polymerase unwinds and unzips the double
helix
- Free RNA nucleotides against DNA nucleotides, which join to form he primary
transcript
- The introns and exons undergo RNA splicing which removes the introns.
What is translation - ANSWER- The production of a polypeptide at a ribosome using
information encoded in mRNA
what is alternative RNA splicing - ANSWERsome exons may excluded or included in
mature transcript
What are introns? - ANSWERnon-coding regions of DNA
what are exons - ANSWERcoding regions of DNA
Describe stages in translation - ANSWER-The mRNA molecule travels through the
cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome.
-tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome.
-Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid.
-The first codon of an mRNA molecule is a start codon. This signals the beginning of
translation.
-The anti-codons and codons match up and form complementary base pairs.
-Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form the polypeptide
-Used tRNA molecules exit the ribosome and collect another specific amino acid.
-The last codon of an mRNA molecule is a stop codon which signals the end of
translation.
What is a polypeptide bond? - ANSWERA chain of amino acids held together by
peptide bonds
Where are Anticodons found? - ANSWEROn a tRNA molecule
They which codes for a specific amino acid
How is the 3D shape of a protein formed - ANSWERAs a result of the polypeptide
chain folding
Label the parts of the tRNA molecule - ANSWER
Name the single gene mutations - ANSWER- substitution
- Deletion
- insertion
Current Issues 9th Edition, By Michael D. Johnson All
Chapter| Newest Version| Questions with Correct
Answer | Verified
What are germline cells - ANSWERThey are found in ovaries and testis and can divide
by mitosis then meiosis
What is cellular differentiation? - ANSWERthe process by which a cell becomes
specialized to perform a specific function
What are somatic cells - ANSWERSomatic cells are any cell in the body other than
cells involved in reproduction, they divide by mitosis
What are stem cells? - ANSWERunspecialised cells which can divide into many types
of cells
How many chromosomes do humans have - ANSWERThey have 46 chromosomes
divided into 23 pairs
What is differentiation - ANSWERThe process in which an un-specialised cells
becomes specialised.
What are embryonic stem cells? - ANSWERUnspecialised cells that can develop into
any type of cell
What are the differences between embryonic and tissue stem cells -
ANSWEREmbryonic are able to divide into any type of cell so are pluripotent.
Tissue stem cells are only able to divide into a limited amount of cells of the same
type, they are multipotent
Where are tissue stem cells found? - ANSWERSkin or bone marrow
Gives examples of both cells - ANSWERTissue - bone marrow, phagocytes,
lymphocytes
Embryonic - gametes
What can stem cells in bone marrow do? - ANSWERdifferentiate into blood cells,
platelets, phagocytes and lymphocytes
What are the therapeutic and research uses of stem cells - ANSWERTherapeutic-
repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues
Research- create model cells to study how diseases develop.
,what do somatic cells divide by? - ANSWERmitosis to produce more somatic stem
cells
What do germline cells divide by? - ANSWERMitosis then meiosis to produce haploid
gamete
Describe the antiparallel structure - ANSWER-Runs in a 3' to 5' direction and
opposite on other
-has deoxyribose at the 3' and 5' at phosphate at end
What are chromosomes composed of? - ANSWERTightly coiled DNA and packaged
with associated proteins.
Describe the stages of replication of DNA? - ANSWER- DNA strands unwound and
unzipped
- The weak hydrogen bonds are then broken
- DNA polymerase requires a primer to start replication
- DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides
- DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in a 3' to 5' direction, cause on to be
replicated continuously and other in fragments
- Ligase then joins the completed stand.
what is a DNA polymerase - ANSWERAn enzyme which adds free nucleotides during
DNA replication
What is a primer - ANSWERA primer is a short complementary strand of nucleotides
which binds to the 3' end of the template.
What are the stages of PCR? - ANSWERStep 1 - separate the strands (92 to 98)
Step 2 - Cooled to allow primer to bind to target sequence (50-65)
Step 3 - Heated to allow heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate (70-80)
What are the applications of PCR? - ANSWERUsed to amplify DNA and can be used to
confirm the presence of of individuals at crime scenes
What does gene expression involve? - ANSWERtranscription then translation.
Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed.
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWERDNA: double-stranded
RNA: single-stranded
DNA has deoxyribose sugar RNA has ribose sugar DNA has bases: A, T, G, C RNA has
bases: A, U, G, C
What are the two stages that genes are expressed - ANSWERTranscription then
translation
What order is DNA Synthesized? - ANSWERDNA to mRNA to tRNA
, Where does translation occur? - ANSWERribosome
where does transcription take place - ANSWERnucleus
Describe transcription - ANSWER- RNA polymerase unwinds and unzips the double
helix
- Free RNA nucleotides against DNA nucleotides, which join to form he primary
transcript
- The introns and exons undergo RNA splicing which removes the introns.
What is translation - ANSWER- The production of a polypeptide at a ribosome using
information encoded in mRNA
what is alternative RNA splicing - ANSWERsome exons may excluded or included in
mature transcript
What are introns? - ANSWERnon-coding regions of DNA
what are exons - ANSWERcoding regions of DNA
Describe stages in translation - ANSWER-The mRNA molecule travels through the
cytoplasm and attaches to the ribosome.
-tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome.
-Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid.
-The first codon of an mRNA molecule is a start codon. This signals the beginning of
translation.
-The anti-codons and codons match up and form complementary base pairs.
-Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form the polypeptide
-Used tRNA molecules exit the ribosome and collect another specific amino acid.
-The last codon of an mRNA molecule is a stop codon which signals the end of
translation.
What is a polypeptide bond? - ANSWERA chain of amino acids held together by
peptide bonds
Where are Anticodons found? - ANSWEROn a tRNA molecule
They which codes for a specific amino acid
How is the 3D shape of a protein formed - ANSWERAs a result of the polypeptide
chain folding
Label the parts of the tRNA molecule - ANSWER
Name the single gene mutations - ANSWER- substitution
- Deletion
- insertion
