BIO 210 FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) / ALREADY GRADED
A+ // BRAND NEW!!
Term 1 of 49
Describe the locations on the body where normal flora are found/not found
1. lag phase, there is little or no cell growth, replicating various proteins and DNA inpreparation
2. log phase, bacteria become extremely active and begin the process of dividing
3.stationary phase, slow-down in the growth of the cells and the colony, state of equilibrium of cells
dividing and cell death
4.death phase, the number of dead or dying bacterial cells begins to outnumber the new ones
Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes bound to the RER. The proteins move through the
endomembrane system and are dispatched from the trans face of the Golgi apparatus in transport
vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and then fuse with the plasma membrane releasing the
protein to the outside of the cell.
Can be found in many sites of the human body including the skin (especially the moist areas, such
as the groin and between the toes), respiratory tract (particularly the nose), urinary tract, and the
digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon) Not found in brain, the circulatory system and
the lungs
human activities influence the evolution of organisms such as agricultural pests, agricultural weeds,
and bacteria. Humans continually develop and apply new pesticides to control agricultural pests and new
herbicides to control agricultural weeds
2 of 49
Explain how the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, lysosome,
ribosome, mitochondria, cytoskeleton (actin and microtubules), plasma membrane work together in an
eukaryotic cell
1/29
,Term
Nuclear division, Mitosis, Meiosis and obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria, decaying organic
matter, few absorb nutrients from surrounding water
Similar: Unwinding the DNA is accomplished by an enzyme named DNA helicase. Manufacturing new
DNA strands is orchestrated by enzymes called polymerase and have leading and a lagging strand
Differences: eukaryotic cell has 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotic cells, there is only
one point of origin and eukaryotes have mutiple
Nucleus: DNA Storage
Mitochondrion: Energy production
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lipid production; Detoxification
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Protein production; in particular for export out of the cell
Golgi apparatus: Protein modification and export
Peroxisome: Lipid Destruction; contains oxidative enzymes, Security and waste removal Lysosome:
Protein destruction
Energy is usually liberated from the ATP molecule to do work in the cell by a reaction that removes one of
the phosphate-oxygen groups, leaving adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
When the ATP converts to ADP, the ATP is said to be spent.
ATP is generated by from glycolysis and Krebs cycle during cellular respiration.
3 of 49
Give examples of the positive and negative ways in which microbes and humans interact with one another
Contact: physical contact, kissing, hand shaking
Vehicle: Food, Air, Water
Vector: Insects and rodents
Similar: Unwinding the DNA is accomplished by an enzyme named DNA helicase. Manufacturing new
DNA strands is orchestrated by enzymes called polymerase and have leading and a lagging strand
Differences: eukaryotic cell has 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotic cells, there is only
one point of origin and eukaryotes have mutiple
Positive: Certain microbes can help us in the fight against other microbes. Microbes are a source of
antibiotics and vaccines. Normal flora which protect their hosts from infections andThey help purify
waste water in waste water treatment facilities.
Negative: disease causing pathogens, frequent contaminants of food and water, molds can trigger
respiratory infections and allergies
2/29
,Term
Simple enzymes: are made only from protein Complete enzymes: contain other things as well, the
protein part is called the apoenzyme. and the other part is called the coenzyme and their primary function is
to assist in enzyme activity and bind apoenzyme to protein
4 of 49
Compare and contrast the input and output of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes bound to the RER. The proteins move through the
endomembrane system and are dispatched from the trans face of the Golgi apparatus in transport
vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and then fuse with the plasma membrane releasing the
protein to the outside of the cell.
aerobic: needs oxygen, more efficient at producing ATP from a certain quantity of food energy
anaerobic: doesn't need oxygen, starts with glycolysis too,alcohol fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
Antimicrobial drugs are chemicals that are intended to have selective toxicity against microbes, meaning
that they kill microbial cells but not the host's cells
Proteins (polymers of amino acids)
Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)
Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers)
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)
5 of 49
How is an eukaryotic microbes both friend and foe?
Vibrio cholerae produces toxin known as Cholera toxin when the toxin is released it affects the chloride
ions and bicarbonate ions which causes a hypertonic environment causing osmosis to occur with more
solute particles on the outside then the inside causing water to go out of the cells
With lytic phages, bacterial cells are broken open (lysed) and destroyed after immediate replication of
the virion. As soon as the cell is destroyed, the phage progeny can find new hosts to infect
Lysogeny does not result in immediate lysing of the host cell and is characterized by integration of the
bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formations of a circular replicon in
the bacterial cytoplasm.
Friends: use them in biotechnology to make products and use genetic engineering. Have bioremediation
which is the ability to restore and clean up toxic pollutants/chemicals. Bacteria part of microbiome and
3/29
, Term
help digestion, fungi makes beer, wine, penicillin and are decomposers, algae make most of oxygen,
protozoa part of aquatic food chain.
Foe: carry pathogens and cause infectious disease. Fungi spoil foods, algae produce red tides, protozoa
cause disease
1. lag phase, there is little or no cell growth, replicating various proteins and DNA inpreparation
2. log phase, bacteria become extremely active and begin the process of dividing
3.stationary phase, slow-down in the growth of the cells and the colony, state of equilibrium of cells
dividing and cell death
4.death phase, the number of dead or dying bacterial cells begins to outnumber the new ones
6 of 49
Provide examples of mechanisms by which bacteria may render antibiotics ineffective
Viruses are not alive because they are completely dependent on host cells to replicate but can be alive
because they can grow, reproduce, maintain an internal homeostasis, respond to stimuli, and carry out
various metabolic processes.
Because bacteria has a cell wall that means that the antibiotics will have a harder time getting rid of the
disease.
Mutational Resistance, Horizontal Gene Transfer
Cell wall
Cell membrane
RNA and DNA
Proteins
Term 7 of 49
Diagram the general steps of viral replication
protozoa(no cell wall) algae (contain chloroplasts) fungi bacteria viruses
attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.
Microbes cause disease when they are able to reproduce in the body. They produce harmful substances
called toxins, and damage tissues and organs
input
DNA
4/29
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) / ALREADY GRADED
A+ // BRAND NEW!!
Term 1 of 49
Describe the locations on the body where normal flora are found/not found
1. lag phase, there is little or no cell growth, replicating various proteins and DNA inpreparation
2. log phase, bacteria become extremely active and begin the process of dividing
3.stationary phase, slow-down in the growth of the cells and the colony, state of equilibrium of cells
dividing and cell death
4.death phase, the number of dead or dying bacterial cells begins to outnumber the new ones
Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes bound to the RER. The proteins move through the
endomembrane system and are dispatched from the trans face of the Golgi apparatus in transport
vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and then fuse with the plasma membrane releasing the
protein to the outside of the cell.
Can be found in many sites of the human body including the skin (especially the moist areas, such
as the groin and between the toes), respiratory tract (particularly the nose), urinary tract, and the
digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon) Not found in brain, the circulatory system and
the lungs
human activities influence the evolution of organisms such as agricultural pests, agricultural weeds,
and bacteria. Humans continually develop and apply new pesticides to control agricultural pests and new
herbicides to control agricultural weeds
2 of 49
Explain how the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex, lysosome,
ribosome, mitochondria, cytoskeleton (actin and microtubules), plasma membrane work together in an
eukaryotic cell
1/29
,Term
Nuclear division, Mitosis, Meiosis and obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria, decaying organic
matter, few absorb nutrients from surrounding water
Similar: Unwinding the DNA is accomplished by an enzyme named DNA helicase. Manufacturing new
DNA strands is orchestrated by enzymes called polymerase and have leading and a lagging strand
Differences: eukaryotic cell has 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotic cells, there is only
one point of origin and eukaryotes have mutiple
Nucleus: DNA Storage
Mitochondrion: Energy production
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lipid production; Detoxification
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Protein production; in particular for export out of the cell
Golgi apparatus: Protein modification and export
Peroxisome: Lipid Destruction; contains oxidative enzymes, Security and waste removal Lysosome:
Protein destruction
Energy is usually liberated from the ATP molecule to do work in the cell by a reaction that removes one of
the phosphate-oxygen groups, leaving adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
When the ATP converts to ADP, the ATP is said to be spent.
ATP is generated by from glycolysis and Krebs cycle during cellular respiration.
3 of 49
Give examples of the positive and negative ways in which microbes and humans interact with one another
Contact: physical contact, kissing, hand shaking
Vehicle: Food, Air, Water
Vector: Insects and rodents
Similar: Unwinding the DNA is accomplished by an enzyme named DNA helicase. Manufacturing new
DNA strands is orchestrated by enzymes called polymerase and have leading and a lagging strand
Differences: eukaryotic cell has 25 times more DNA than a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotic cells, there is only
one point of origin and eukaryotes have mutiple
Positive: Certain microbes can help us in the fight against other microbes. Microbes are a source of
antibiotics and vaccines. Normal flora which protect their hosts from infections andThey help purify
waste water in waste water treatment facilities.
Negative: disease causing pathogens, frequent contaminants of food and water, molds can trigger
respiratory infections and allergies
2/29
,Term
Simple enzymes: are made only from protein Complete enzymes: contain other things as well, the
protein part is called the apoenzyme. and the other part is called the coenzyme and their primary function is
to assist in enzyme activity and bind apoenzyme to protein
4 of 49
Compare and contrast the input and output of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Proteins destined for secretion are made on ribosomes bound to the RER. The proteins move through the
endomembrane system and are dispatched from the trans face of the Golgi apparatus in transport
vesicles that move through the cytoplasm and then fuse with the plasma membrane releasing the
protein to the outside of the cell.
aerobic: needs oxygen, more efficient at producing ATP from a certain quantity of food energy
anaerobic: doesn't need oxygen, starts with glycolysis too,alcohol fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
Antimicrobial drugs are chemicals that are intended to have selective toxicity against microbes, meaning
that they kill microbial cells but not the host's cells
Proteins (polymers of amino acids)
Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)
Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers)
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)
5 of 49
How is an eukaryotic microbes both friend and foe?
Vibrio cholerae produces toxin known as Cholera toxin when the toxin is released it affects the chloride
ions and bicarbonate ions which causes a hypertonic environment causing osmosis to occur with more
solute particles on the outside then the inside causing water to go out of the cells
With lytic phages, bacterial cells are broken open (lysed) and destroyed after immediate replication of
the virion. As soon as the cell is destroyed, the phage progeny can find new hosts to infect
Lysogeny does not result in immediate lysing of the host cell and is characterized by integration of the
bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formations of a circular replicon in
the bacterial cytoplasm.
Friends: use them in biotechnology to make products and use genetic engineering. Have bioremediation
which is the ability to restore and clean up toxic pollutants/chemicals. Bacteria part of microbiome and
3/29
, Term
help digestion, fungi makes beer, wine, penicillin and are decomposers, algae make most of oxygen,
protozoa part of aquatic food chain.
Foe: carry pathogens and cause infectious disease. Fungi spoil foods, algae produce red tides, protozoa
cause disease
1. lag phase, there is little or no cell growth, replicating various proteins and DNA inpreparation
2. log phase, bacteria become extremely active and begin the process of dividing
3.stationary phase, slow-down in the growth of the cells and the colony, state of equilibrium of cells
dividing and cell death
4.death phase, the number of dead or dying bacterial cells begins to outnumber the new ones
6 of 49
Provide examples of mechanisms by which bacteria may render antibiotics ineffective
Viruses are not alive because they are completely dependent on host cells to replicate but can be alive
because they can grow, reproduce, maintain an internal homeostasis, respond to stimuli, and carry out
various metabolic processes.
Because bacteria has a cell wall that means that the antibiotics will have a harder time getting rid of the
disease.
Mutational Resistance, Horizontal Gene Transfer
Cell wall
Cell membrane
RNA and DNA
Proteins
Term 7 of 49
Diagram the general steps of viral replication
protozoa(no cell wall) algae (contain chloroplasts) fungi bacteria viruses
attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.
Microbes cause disease when they are able to reproduce in the body. They produce harmful substances
called toxins, and damage tissues and organs
input
DNA
4/29
