Microbiology
Bacteriology
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CYTOPLASM
INTRODUCTION… …………. …..
- Aqueous mixture of macromolecules
MICROBIOLOGY (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides), small organic molecules,
Why Microbiology matters? inorganic ions, and ribosomes.
● Keep planet healthy RIBOSOMES
- recycling essential elements - Structures responsible for protein synthesis
● Agriculture and are found in all cells.
- Enable farmers to increase yield and CELL WALL
productivity in a sustainable way. - Lends structural strength to the cell.
● Combating diseases - Located outside the cell membrane and is
- Etiology and epidemiology, control and stronger than the membrane.
prevention. - Present in most microbes, but typically
absent from animals cells
CHAPTER 1 - Plant cells and most microorganisms has
this
Historical roots of Microbiology
MICROORGANISMS - Robert hooke (1635-1703) 1st to describe
- also called microbes microbes
- life forms too small to be seen by the naked - Anton Van Leeuwehoek ( 1632-1723) 1st to
human eye describe bacteriA
- Titans of the Earth - Ferdinand Cohn born 24th Jan 1828
- Although individually small, they are the Founder of modern microbiology. Classified
largest mass of living material on Earth bacteria based on shape. Showed Bacillus
- Activities are regulated by interactions with can produce spores.
each other, their environments, and other
organisms. Light microscopy and the discovery of
- Existed on Earth for billions of years before Microorganism
plants and animals, and their diversity is ● Van Leeuwehoek’S microscope was a light
staggering. microscope
- Major fraction of Earth’s biomass and are - magnification : ability to make object
essential for sustaining life, including larger
producing the oxygen (O2) - resolution : ability to distinguish 2
- Influence the evolution and survival of adjacent objects as distinct and
plants and animals through microbial separate.
activities, symbioses, and pathogenic
interactions.
- Impact human life in many ways, including Staining in Brightfield Microscopy
health (infectious diseases), food, water, soil Limitations: insufficient contrast
fertility, animal health, and fuel production. Basic dye : Methylene blue
ELEMENTS OF MICROBIAL STRUCTURE Gram Stain
All cells have the following in common: - method of how we stain bacteria and way to
classify and group bacteria if ground is positive or
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE negative.
- Permeability barrier separating the inside of
the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside. V - crystal violet (Initial stain)
I - iodine (Mordant)
, A - acetone alcohol (Decolorize) - Realized rRNA sequences could be used to
S - safranin (Counterstain) infer evolutionary relationships.
(+) Violet - Thicker Richard Petri
(-) Red - Thinner - An associate of Koch. Devised the petri dish
in 1887
Food sample -> sample -> preparation ->pre Fanny Hesse
enrichment -> plating -> colony -> selection -> - Wife of Walther Hesse. Suggested the use
confirmation -> morphology -> gram staining -> of agar, an algal polysaccharide
biochemical testing
Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling
Pasteur and Spontaneous generation - Evolutionary history of organisms is
Louis pasteur : chemist and microscopist inscribed in the sequence of molecules such
- Discovered alcoholic fermentation was a as DNA
biological (not chemical)
- Using swan pasteur flask and discovered Joseph lister(1827 - 1912)
the theory of spontaneous generation. - Implemented a range of techniques
designed to kill microorganisms and to
Koch, infectious disease prevent microbial infection of surgical
Robert Koch (1843-1910) : physician and patients.
microbiologist. - Methods were adopted worldwide.
Koch’s Postulates Ignaz Semmelweis
1) Suspected pathogens must be in the - Promoted sanitary methods including hand
diseased animal and absent in healthy washing as a method for preventing
animals. infections.
2) Suspected pathogens must be grown in - Methods are credited with saving many
pure culture. lives, but could not prove why
3) Cells from pure culture of the suspected
pathogen must cause disease on healthy Albert Jan Kluyver (1888-1956)
animals. - Observed that microorganisms share many
4) Suspected pathogens must be reisolated of the same biochemical pathways and face
and shown as original. similar thermodynamic constraints.
- Promoted the study of comparative
Martinus Beiljernck (1851-1931) biochemistry to identify unifying features of
- Developed enrichment culture technique all cells.
- Isolated first aerobic nitrogen fixing
bacterium: Azotobacter Jacques Mondo
- Emphasized the importance of studying
Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) bacteria to understand the fundamental
Concept of Chemolithotrophy principles of life.
- Specific bacteria are linked to specific
biogeochemical transformations. Avery- Macleod - Mccarty
- Proved that DNA is the genetic material of
Frederick Griffith cells.
- Genetic transfer in bacteria S. pneumoniae,
transformation S to R. Ernst Haeckel (1866)
- - Proposed that single-cell organisms, called
Monera, were ancestral to other forms of
Avery Macleod Mcarty life.
- Transforming principle: DNA Robert Whittaker (1967)
- Structure of DNA : E. Coli - Proposed a five-kingdom classification
scheme.
Carl Woese
Bacteriology
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFjjjjjnjjjnj jnjnmnmnm nmnmnmnmmjjFFF FFF
FF FFFFFFFFFEXPT.5 REFRACTOMETRY: DETERMINATION OF jujuuuuBRIXFF FFFF
CYTOPLASM
INTRODUCTION… …………. …..
- Aqueous mixture of macromolecules
MICROBIOLOGY (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides), small organic molecules,
Why Microbiology matters? inorganic ions, and ribosomes.
● Keep planet healthy RIBOSOMES
- recycling essential elements - Structures responsible for protein synthesis
● Agriculture and are found in all cells.
- Enable farmers to increase yield and CELL WALL
productivity in a sustainable way. - Lends structural strength to the cell.
● Combating diseases - Located outside the cell membrane and is
- Etiology and epidemiology, control and stronger than the membrane.
prevention. - Present in most microbes, but typically
absent from animals cells
CHAPTER 1 - Plant cells and most microorganisms has
this
Historical roots of Microbiology
MICROORGANISMS - Robert hooke (1635-1703) 1st to describe
- also called microbes microbes
- life forms too small to be seen by the naked - Anton Van Leeuwehoek ( 1632-1723) 1st to
human eye describe bacteriA
- Titans of the Earth - Ferdinand Cohn born 24th Jan 1828
- Although individually small, they are the Founder of modern microbiology. Classified
largest mass of living material on Earth bacteria based on shape. Showed Bacillus
- Activities are regulated by interactions with can produce spores.
each other, their environments, and other
organisms. Light microscopy and the discovery of
- Existed on Earth for billions of years before Microorganism
plants and animals, and their diversity is ● Van Leeuwehoek’S microscope was a light
staggering. microscope
- Major fraction of Earth’s biomass and are - magnification : ability to make object
essential for sustaining life, including larger
producing the oxygen (O2) - resolution : ability to distinguish 2
- Influence the evolution and survival of adjacent objects as distinct and
plants and animals through microbial separate.
activities, symbioses, and pathogenic
interactions.
- Impact human life in many ways, including Staining in Brightfield Microscopy
health (infectious diseases), food, water, soil Limitations: insufficient contrast
fertility, animal health, and fuel production. Basic dye : Methylene blue
ELEMENTS OF MICROBIAL STRUCTURE Gram Stain
All cells have the following in common: - method of how we stain bacteria and way to
classify and group bacteria if ground is positive or
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE negative.
- Permeability barrier separating the inside of
the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside. V - crystal violet (Initial stain)
I - iodine (Mordant)
, A - acetone alcohol (Decolorize) - Realized rRNA sequences could be used to
S - safranin (Counterstain) infer evolutionary relationships.
(+) Violet - Thicker Richard Petri
(-) Red - Thinner - An associate of Koch. Devised the petri dish
in 1887
Food sample -> sample -> preparation ->pre Fanny Hesse
enrichment -> plating -> colony -> selection -> - Wife of Walther Hesse. Suggested the use
confirmation -> morphology -> gram staining -> of agar, an algal polysaccharide
biochemical testing
Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling
Pasteur and Spontaneous generation - Evolutionary history of organisms is
Louis pasteur : chemist and microscopist inscribed in the sequence of molecules such
- Discovered alcoholic fermentation was a as DNA
biological (not chemical)
- Using swan pasteur flask and discovered Joseph lister(1827 - 1912)
the theory of spontaneous generation. - Implemented a range of techniques
designed to kill microorganisms and to
Koch, infectious disease prevent microbial infection of surgical
Robert Koch (1843-1910) : physician and patients.
microbiologist. - Methods were adopted worldwide.
Koch’s Postulates Ignaz Semmelweis
1) Suspected pathogens must be in the - Promoted sanitary methods including hand
diseased animal and absent in healthy washing as a method for preventing
animals. infections.
2) Suspected pathogens must be grown in - Methods are credited with saving many
pure culture. lives, but could not prove why
3) Cells from pure culture of the suspected
pathogen must cause disease on healthy Albert Jan Kluyver (1888-1956)
animals. - Observed that microorganisms share many
4) Suspected pathogens must be reisolated of the same biochemical pathways and face
and shown as original. similar thermodynamic constraints.
- Promoted the study of comparative
Martinus Beiljernck (1851-1931) biochemistry to identify unifying features of
- Developed enrichment culture technique all cells.
- Isolated first aerobic nitrogen fixing
bacterium: Azotobacter Jacques Mondo
- Emphasized the importance of studying
Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) bacteria to understand the fundamental
Concept of Chemolithotrophy principles of life.
- Specific bacteria are linked to specific
biogeochemical transformations. Avery- Macleod - Mccarty
- Proved that DNA is the genetic material of
Frederick Griffith cells.
- Genetic transfer in bacteria S. pneumoniae,
transformation S to R. Ernst Haeckel (1866)
- - Proposed that single-cell organisms, called
Monera, were ancestral to other forms of
Avery Macleod Mcarty life.
- Transforming principle: DNA Robert Whittaker (1967)
- Structure of DNA : E. Coli - Proposed a five-kingdom classification
scheme.
Carl Woese
