SCI 221 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.
Positive/Negative Feedback Loops
Mechanisms that regulate physiological processes by either amplifying (positive) or
reducing (negative) changes.
Intrinsic Control
Regulation of physiological processes by internal mechanisms without external
influence.
Fat building blocks
The basic structural units of fats, primarily fatty acids and glycerol.
Organic Group Compounds in Human Body
Compounds that contain carbon and are essential for life, including carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Ion Diffusion during neuron rest
The movement of ions across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not actively
transmitting signals.
Oxidation-reduction/hydrolyzing/phosphorylating
Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons (oxidation-reduction), the addition
of water (hydrolyzing), or the addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylating).
Vitamin D Components
The essential elements that make up vitamin D, which is crucial for calcium absorption
and bone health.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
Passive Transport Types
Methods of moving substances across cell membranes without the use of energy,
including diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
Osmosis/Diffusion/Filtration
Processes of movement of water (osmosis), solutes (diffusion), and fluids through
membranes (filtration).
Neutron charges in and outside of cell
The state of neutrons, which are neutral particles, within the cellular environment.
Pinocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis
Types of cellular transport mechanisms: pinocytosis (cell drinking), exocytosis (expelling
substances), and phagocytosis (cell eating).
Definition of tissue
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Tissue Regeneration
The process by which tissues repair and replace themselves after injury.
Function of Epithelial Tissue
, To cover body surfaces, line cavities and organs, and form glands.
Stratum Corneum Location
The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells that provide a barrier to
infection.
Osteoblasts/clasts, Osteocytes, Chondrocytes
Types of bone cells: osteoblasts (bone formation), osteoclasts (bone resorption),
osteocytes (mature bone cells), and chondrocytes (cartilage cells).
Bone Growth Process
The series of biological events that lead to the increase in size and strength of bones.
Kyphosis/Scoliosis/Lordosis
Types of spinal deformities: kyphosis (excessive outward curvature), scoliosis (lateral
curvature), and lordosis (excessive inward curvature).
Osteoporosis/Osteomalacia
Conditions characterized by weakened bones (osteoporosis) and softening of bones
due to vitamin D deficiency (osteomalacia).
Physiological Muscle Fatigue
The decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force, often due to prolonged activity.
Muscle Contraction Types
Different methods by which muscles contract, including isotonic and isometric
contractions.
Muscle Functions (major)
The primary roles of muscles, including movement, posture maintenance, and heat
production.
Twitch Contraction
A single, quick contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus.
Aerobic Respiration
The process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen.
Synapse Definition
The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
Resting Potential of a neuron
The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically
around -70 mV.
Nerve Impulse Speed
The rate at which an action potential travels along a nerve fiber, influenced by factors
such as myelination.
Process of Impulse actions at synapse
The series of events that occur when a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, leading to
neurotransmitter release.
Repolarization/Refraction/Saltatory Conduction
Processes involved in returning a neuron to its resting state after an action potential
(repolarization), the period during which a neuron cannot fire again (refraction), and the
jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction).
Medulla/Pons/Cerebellum/Hypothalamus Functions
The roles of these brain structures in regulating vital functions, motor control, and
homeostasis.
Ventral Nerve Root
AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.
Positive/Negative Feedback Loops
Mechanisms that regulate physiological processes by either amplifying (positive) or
reducing (negative) changes.
Intrinsic Control
Regulation of physiological processes by internal mechanisms without external
influence.
Fat building blocks
The basic structural units of fats, primarily fatty acids and glycerol.
Organic Group Compounds in Human Body
Compounds that contain carbon and are essential for life, including carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Ion Diffusion during neuron rest
The movement of ions across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not actively
transmitting signals.
Oxidation-reduction/hydrolyzing/phosphorylating
Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons (oxidation-reduction), the addition
of water (hydrolyzing), or the addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylating).
Vitamin D Components
The essential elements that make up vitamin D, which is crucial for calcium absorption
and bone health.
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
Passive Transport Types
Methods of moving substances across cell membranes without the use of energy,
including diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
Osmosis/Diffusion/Filtration
Processes of movement of water (osmosis), solutes (diffusion), and fluids through
membranes (filtration).
Neutron charges in and outside of cell
The state of neutrons, which are neutral particles, within the cellular environment.
Pinocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis
Types of cellular transport mechanisms: pinocytosis (cell drinking), exocytosis (expelling
substances), and phagocytosis (cell eating).
Definition of tissue
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Tissue Regeneration
The process by which tissues repair and replace themselves after injury.
Function of Epithelial Tissue
, To cover body surfaces, line cavities and organs, and form glands.
Stratum Corneum Location
The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells that provide a barrier to
infection.
Osteoblasts/clasts, Osteocytes, Chondrocytes
Types of bone cells: osteoblasts (bone formation), osteoclasts (bone resorption),
osteocytes (mature bone cells), and chondrocytes (cartilage cells).
Bone Growth Process
The series of biological events that lead to the increase in size and strength of bones.
Kyphosis/Scoliosis/Lordosis
Types of spinal deformities: kyphosis (excessive outward curvature), scoliosis (lateral
curvature), and lordosis (excessive inward curvature).
Osteoporosis/Osteomalacia
Conditions characterized by weakened bones (osteoporosis) and softening of bones
due to vitamin D deficiency (osteomalacia).
Physiological Muscle Fatigue
The decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force, often due to prolonged activity.
Muscle Contraction Types
Different methods by which muscles contract, including isotonic and isometric
contractions.
Muscle Functions (major)
The primary roles of muscles, including movement, posture maintenance, and heat
production.
Twitch Contraction
A single, quick contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus.
Aerobic Respiration
The process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen.
Synapse Definition
The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
Resting Potential of a neuron
The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically
around -70 mV.
Nerve Impulse Speed
The rate at which an action potential travels along a nerve fiber, influenced by factors
such as myelination.
Process of Impulse actions at synapse
The series of events that occur when a nerve impulse reaches a synapse, leading to
neurotransmitter release.
Repolarization/Refraction/Saltatory Conduction
Processes involved in returning a neuron to its resting state after an action potential
(repolarization), the period during which a neuron cannot fire again (refraction), and the
jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier (saltatory conduction).
Medulla/Pons/Cerebellum/Hypothalamus Functions
The roles of these brain structures in regulating vital functions, motor control, and
homeostasis.
Ventral Nerve Root
