NYSTCE: Educating All Students (EAS)
Exam
Constructivism - ✔️✔️a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
Social learning - ✔️✔️learning through interactions with other people
Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development - ✔️✔️people learn best from other people
who are just a little ahead of them
Project-based learning (PBL) - ✔️✔️focuses on giving an open-ended question and
complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best solution to
the problem
4 Steps to PBL - ✔️✔️1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop
theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with
solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan.
Critical Theory - ✔️✔️a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of
society
Critical theory in education - ✔️✔️is about questioning how our educational system can
best offer education to all people
Problems with access to technology - ✔️✔️poorer schools can have a harder time
getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower
technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
Humanism - ✔️✔️a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and
Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate
potential.
Behaviorism - ✔️✔️people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid
punishments.
Reinforcement - ✔️✔️meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
Punishment - ✔️✔️meant to decrease bad behavior
Positive reinforcement - ✔️✔️involves giving someone something that he or she wants
, Negative reinforcement - ✔️✔️taking away something that someone does not want
Positive punishment - ✔️✔️involves giving someone something that he or she does not
want
Negative punishment - ✔️✔️involves taking away something that someone does want
Extinction - ✔️✔️decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing
reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button
Self-Directed Learning - ✔️✔️involves students learning what they want and need to
learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important.
Extrinsic motivators - ✔️✔️things outside of a person that motivate them to do
something.
Self-evaluation - ✔️✔️thoughtful assessment of one's own work
lifelong learners - ✔️✔️people who continue to learn even after they leave school
Learning - ✔️✔️involves storing and accessing information in memory
information processing theory of learning - ✔️✔️information from the world around us
moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory
working memory - ✔️✔️storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the
past
long-term memory - ✔️✔️memories that are stored for a person to access later
cognitive load - ✔️✔️having too much information in working memory and not being
able to remember anything
chunking - ✔️✔️grouping information together to help remember it
Automaticity - ✔️✔️process of making a task automatic
Pragmatism - ✔️✔️an educational philosophy that says that education should be about
life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for life
and encourage them to grow into better people
practical learning - ✔️✔️education should apply to the real world
Exam
Constructivism - ✔️✔️a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
Social learning - ✔️✔️learning through interactions with other people
Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development - ✔️✔️people learn best from other people
who are just a little ahead of them
Project-based learning (PBL) - ✔️✔️focuses on giving an open-ended question and
complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best solution to
the problem
4 Steps to PBL - ✔️✔️1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop
theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with
solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan.
Critical Theory - ✔️✔️a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of
society
Critical theory in education - ✔️✔️is about questioning how our educational system can
best offer education to all people
Problems with access to technology - ✔️✔️poorer schools can have a harder time
getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower
technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
Humanism - ✔️✔️a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and
Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate
potential.
Behaviorism - ✔️✔️people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid
punishments.
Reinforcement - ✔️✔️meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
Punishment - ✔️✔️meant to decrease bad behavior
Positive reinforcement - ✔️✔️involves giving someone something that he or she wants
, Negative reinforcement - ✔️✔️taking away something that someone does not want
Positive punishment - ✔️✔️involves giving someone something that he or she does not
want
Negative punishment - ✔️✔️involves taking away something that someone does want
Extinction - ✔️✔️decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing
reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button
Self-Directed Learning - ✔️✔️involves students learning what they want and need to
learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important.
Extrinsic motivators - ✔️✔️things outside of a person that motivate them to do
something.
Self-evaluation - ✔️✔️thoughtful assessment of one's own work
lifelong learners - ✔️✔️people who continue to learn even after they leave school
Learning - ✔️✔️involves storing and accessing information in memory
information processing theory of learning - ✔️✔️information from the world around us
moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory
working memory - ✔️✔️storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the
past
long-term memory - ✔️✔️memories that are stored for a person to access later
cognitive load - ✔️✔️having too much information in working memory and not being
able to remember anything
chunking - ✔️✔️grouping information together to help remember it
Automaticity - ✔️✔️process of making a task automatic
Pragmatism - ✔️✔️an educational philosophy that says that education should be about
life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for life
and encourage them to grow into better people
practical learning - ✔️✔️education should apply to the real world
