BIO 1108 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Nonvascular plants(Bryophytes)
-Bryophyta; Hepatophyta; Anthocerophyta
-NO leaves, true roots, no vascular tissue
-Gametophytes are dominant generation
-Gametophytes are visible and above ground
Phylum Hepatophyta
Liverworts: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stem, and leaves, and reproduce
through spores.
-Setae present; stomata absent
-Large group(9,000 species)
-Tiny sporophytes
Examples of Bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta
-Mosses: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stems, and leaves, and reproduce through
spores.
-Setae and Stomata is present
-Large group(15,000 species)
-Grow in diverse habitats
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Hornworts; lack vascular tissue; gametophytes look like liverworts but send up a tiny
moss-like sporophyte; closely related to mosses
-Symbiotic with 2 types of cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen
-Small group(100 species)
-Stomata present; setae absent
Seedless Vascular Plants
-Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and
horsetails)
-Well developed vascular
tissue; true tissues, leaves
and roots
-Xylem and phloem
-Sporophylls
Sporophylls
modified leaves that bear sporangia
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water and other nutrients upward from the roots to every
part of a plant(smaller than phloem)
Phloem
the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products
downward from the leaves(bigger than xylem)
,Lycophyta
-Club mosses(homosporous), spike mosses(heterosporous), quillworts(heterosporous)
-In some species, sporophylls
are clustered into club-shaped
cone called a strobilus
-12,000 species
Homosporous
1 type of sporangium producing 1 type of spore
Heterosporous
A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that
develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female
gametophytes.
Monilophyta
-Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
-Most species are homosporous
Ferns
-Most widespread of group
-Possess megaphylls
Horsetails
-Jointed plants
-Small rings of leaves or branches encircle stem
Whisk Ferns
-Living fossils
-Lack true roots and stems
-Mainly tropical epiphytes
Seed Plants
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seed Plant Characteristics
-has seeds and reduced gametophytes
-heterosporous
-ovules and pollen
-monophyletic(descended from a common ancestor but not shared with any other
group)
Gymnosperms
A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in
fruits("Naked Seeds")
Examples of Gymnosperms
Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes, Conifers
Cycads
thrived during age of dinosaurs; 130 extant species; subtropical and tropical distribution
Cycadophyta characteristics
large cones
palm-like leaves with needles
flagellated sperm
Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta)
female cone
, Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta)
male cone
Ginkgos (Ginkgo biloba)
single living species; maidenhair tree
Ginkgophyta Characteristics
-fan-shaped leaves
-separate male(pollen cones) and female(fruit-like ovules)trees
-flagellated sperm
-deciduous leaves
-dioecious
-tolerates air pollution well
-male trees typically planted
Gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta)
vary in appearance; three genera: Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra; tropical and
desert species; cones
Gnetum
-35 species, tropical
-broad opposite leaves
-compound strobili
-found in Asia an Africa
Welwitschia
-grows in desert areas
-life span of 1,000 years
-ovulate cones
Ephedra
has medicinal properties
Coniferophyta(Conifers)
-largest phylum(600 species)
-pines, junipers, firs, cedars
-many are evergreen(Sequoia, Wollemi pine, Eastern hemlock)
Characteristics of Conifers
-needle or scale-like leaves
-male and female cones on same tree
-most are evergreens
Female conifer cone
Ovulate cone
(megasporangium or megasporophyll---->megaspore---->female gametophyte---->eggs)
Male conifer cone
Staminate cone
(microsporangium or microsporophyll---->microspore---->male gametophyte---->sperm)
Angiosperms
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary;
produce seeds in fruit
Types of Angiosperms
-Basal Angiosperms
-Magnoliids
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Nonvascular plants(Bryophytes)
-Bryophyta; Hepatophyta; Anthocerophyta
-NO leaves, true roots, no vascular tissue
-Gametophytes are dominant generation
-Gametophytes are visible and above ground
Phylum Hepatophyta
Liverworts: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stem, and leaves, and reproduce
through spores.
-Setae present; stomata absent
-Large group(9,000 species)
-Tiny sporophytes
Examples of Bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta
-Mosses: non-vascular plants that lack roots, stems, and leaves, and reproduce through
spores.
-Setae and Stomata is present
-Large group(15,000 species)
-Grow in diverse habitats
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Hornworts; lack vascular tissue; gametophytes look like liverworts but send up a tiny
moss-like sporophyte; closely related to mosses
-Symbiotic with 2 types of cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen
-Small group(100 species)
-Stomata present; setae absent
Seedless Vascular Plants
-Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and
horsetails)
-Well developed vascular
tissue; true tissues, leaves
and roots
-Xylem and phloem
-Sporophylls
Sporophylls
modified leaves that bear sporangia
Xylem
vascular tissue that carries water and other nutrients upward from the roots to every
part of a plant(smaller than phloem)
Phloem
the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products
downward from the leaves(bigger than xylem)
,Lycophyta
-Club mosses(homosporous), spike mosses(heterosporous), quillworts(heterosporous)
-In some species, sporophylls
are clustered into club-shaped
cone called a strobilus
-12,000 species
Homosporous
1 type of sporangium producing 1 type of spore
Heterosporous
A term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores that
develop into male gametophytes and megaspores that develop into female
gametophytes.
Monilophyta
-Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
-Most species are homosporous
Ferns
-Most widespread of group
-Possess megaphylls
Horsetails
-Jointed plants
-Small rings of leaves or branches encircle stem
Whisk Ferns
-Living fossils
-Lack true roots and stems
-Mainly tropical epiphytes
Seed Plants
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Seed Plant Characteristics
-has seeds and reduced gametophytes
-heterosporous
-ovules and pollen
-monophyletic(descended from a common ancestor but not shared with any other
group)
Gymnosperms
A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in
fruits("Naked Seeds")
Examples of Gymnosperms
Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes, Conifers
Cycads
thrived during age of dinosaurs; 130 extant species; subtropical and tropical distribution
Cycadophyta characteristics
large cones
palm-like leaves with needles
flagellated sperm
Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta)
female cone
, Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta)
male cone
Ginkgos (Ginkgo biloba)
single living species; maidenhair tree
Ginkgophyta Characteristics
-fan-shaped leaves
-separate male(pollen cones) and female(fruit-like ovules)trees
-flagellated sperm
-deciduous leaves
-dioecious
-tolerates air pollution well
-male trees typically planted
Gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta)
vary in appearance; three genera: Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra; tropical and
desert species; cones
Gnetum
-35 species, tropical
-broad opposite leaves
-compound strobili
-found in Asia an Africa
Welwitschia
-grows in desert areas
-life span of 1,000 years
-ovulate cones
Ephedra
has medicinal properties
Coniferophyta(Conifers)
-largest phylum(600 species)
-pines, junipers, firs, cedars
-many are evergreen(Sequoia, Wollemi pine, Eastern hemlock)
Characteristics of Conifers
-needle or scale-like leaves
-male and female cones on same tree
-most are evergreens
Female conifer cone
Ovulate cone
(megasporangium or megasporophyll---->megaspore---->female gametophyte---->eggs)
Male conifer cone
Staminate cone
(microsporangium or microsporophyll---->microspore---->male gametophyte---->sperm)
Angiosperms
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary;
produce seeds in fruit
Types of Angiosperms
-Basal Angiosperms
-Magnoliids
