BIO 1108 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Staphylococcus aureus
-Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that is spherical, Gram-positive, and often
found on the skin or in the NOSE.
-It can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as more serious infections such as
pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections.
-It may be resistant to some antibiotics.
-not a problem when kept under control by a protease found in S. epidermidis, but if left
to grow out of control, S. aureus CAN BECOME PATHOGENIC.
Candida albicans
-fungus can cause oral infection known as thrush (& in urogenital tract can cause yeast
infections)
Lactobacillus
-causes low pH in vagina and it secretes lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
-keeps other species in small numbers in the vagina and its decrease due to antibiotic
disturbances
Bacteroidetes
-gram negative, anaerobic bacteria, often found in intestinal tracts of animals and aid in
digestion.
-Fecal transplants help restore Bacteroidetes
-diets high in animal protein and fats have high levels of Bacteroidetes
Clostridium difficile
-major cause of antibiotic induced colitis & diarrhea.
-many strains are antibiotic resistant
-releases toxin as it grows that attack lining of the intestines.
Helicobacter pylori
-bacteria has a helical shape and colonizes the stomach and upper G.I. tract.
- It is known to be a major cause of stomach ulcers, although many people with H. pylori
do not get ulcers.
-these bacteria may also be beneficial to the host, as is the case for reducing the risk of
obesity, childhood asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease among
others.
Microsporum
fungi that feast on keratin in the skin and cause "ringworm" fungal infections
-infects hair and skin
Trichophyton
fungi that feast on keratin in the skin and cause 'ringworm' fungal infections.
-infects hair, skin, and nails
Microbe
tiny living organism, such as bacterium, archaean, fungus, protist, or virus
Microbiome
collectively all the microbes in the human body (i.e., a community of microbes)
, Biofilm
a community of microbes that live together on a surface
What types of cells are found in and on a typical, healthy human body?
A.Viral cells
B.Fungal cells
C.Bacterial cells
D.Archaebacterial cells
E.Protists
F.All of the above
F.All of the above
How is the nose a primary defender against inhaled pathogens?
-Cilia and the mucous lining trap inhaled microbes.
-Inflammation from viral infection and allergic reactions
How does the mouth defend against pathogens?
-Saliva, pH, temperature, & the immune system prevent many species from surviving.
How does the skin defend against pathogens?
-The skin has natural defenses (e.g., slightly acidic sweat & apocrine sweat has
antimicrobial peptides).
-The skin has several environments: oily, dry, moist. Some microbes prefer one over
another.
appocrine sweat
-appocrine sweat which has antimicrobial peptides that are effective against pathogenic
bacteria
-Appocrine sweat also provides nutrients to beneficial bacteria, which are unaffected by
the antimicrobial peptides.
Heterotherms
body temperature varies depending on environment
Homeotherms
maintain constant body temp despite environmental fluctuations
Endotherms
energy comes from internal mechanisms
Ectotherms
energy comes from external sources
What type of feedback loop is thermoregulation?
-negative (self-correcting to homeostasis)
-environment is cold>hypothalamus>vasoconstriction/shivering>warming>environment
too hot> vasodilation/sweating>cooling
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration by passive transport.
set point
the ideal normal value of a variable
What are the three functional components of a Homeostatic control system?
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Staphylococcus aureus
-Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that is spherical, Gram-positive, and often
found on the skin or in the NOSE.
-It can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as more serious infections such as
pneumonia, heart valve infections, and bone infections.
-It may be resistant to some antibiotics.
-not a problem when kept under control by a protease found in S. epidermidis, but if left
to grow out of control, S. aureus CAN BECOME PATHOGENIC.
Candida albicans
-fungus can cause oral infection known as thrush (& in urogenital tract can cause yeast
infections)
Lactobacillus
-causes low pH in vagina and it secretes lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
-keeps other species in small numbers in the vagina and its decrease due to antibiotic
disturbances
Bacteroidetes
-gram negative, anaerobic bacteria, often found in intestinal tracts of animals and aid in
digestion.
-Fecal transplants help restore Bacteroidetes
-diets high in animal protein and fats have high levels of Bacteroidetes
Clostridium difficile
-major cause of antibiotic induced colitis & diarrhea.
-many strains are antibiotic resistant
-releases toxin as it grows that attack lining of the intestines.
Helicobacter pylori
-bacteria has a helical shape and colonizes the stomach and upper G.I. tract.
- It is known to be a major cause of stomach ulcers, although many people with H. pylori
do not get ulcers.
-these bacteria may also be beneficial to the host, as is the case for reducing the risk of
obesity, childhood asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease among
others.
Microsporum
fungi that feast on keratin in the skin and cause "ringworm" fungal infections
-infects hair and skin
Trichophyton
fungi that feast on keratin in the skin and cause 'ringworm' fungal infections.
-infects hair, skin, and nails
Microbe
tiny living organism, such as bacterium, archaean, fungus, protist, or virus
Microbiome
collectively all the microbes in the human body (i.e., a community of microbes)
, Biofilm
a community of microbes that live together on a surface
What types of cells are found in and on a typical, healthy human body?
A.Viral cells
B.Fungal cells
C.Bacterial cells
D.Archaebacterial cells
E.Protists
F.All of the above
F.All of the above
How is the nose a primary defender against inhaled pathogens?
-Cilia and the mucous lining trap inhaled microbes.
-Inflammation from viral infection and allergic reactions
How does the mouth defend against pathogens?
-Saliva, pH, temperature, & the immune system prevent many species from surviving.
How does the skin defend against pathogens?
-The skin has natural defenses (e.g., slightly acidic sweat & apocrine sweat has
antimicrobial peptides).
-The skin has several environments: oily, dry, moist. Some microbes prefer one over
another.
appocrine sweat
-appocrine sweat which has antimicrobial peptides that are effective against pathogenic
bacteria
-Appocrine sweat also provides nutrients to beneficial bacteria, which are unaffected by
the antimicrobial peptides.
Heterotherms
body temperature varies depending on environment
Homeotherms
maintain constant body temp despite environmental fluctuations
Endotherms
energy comes from internal mechanisms
Ectotherms
energy comes from external sources
What type of feedback loop is thermoregulation?
-negative (self-correcting to homeostasis)
-environment is cold>hypothalamus>vasoconstriction/shivering>warming>environment
too hot> vasodilation/sweating>cooling
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration by passive transport.
set point
the ideal normal value of a variable
What are the three functional components of a Homeostatic control system?
