BIO 1108 -BIODIVERSITY EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
What types of data are used in creating phylogenetic trees?
Morphological data - structural features, organs, skeletal arrangements, developmental
features
Genetic data - mtDNA, Ribosomal RNA, lots of different genes
Homology - similarity due to common ancestry, trait shared by all descendants and
common ancestor, define monophyletic groups
Parsimony
the most likely pattern is the one requiring the fewest changes
What is the branching pattern on phylogenetic trees called?
topology
Outgroup
species outside group of comparison
provides context for location on Tree of Life
Monophyletic Group
group that includes the MRCA of all those organisms (and no others) and all. the
descendants of that MRCA
Paraphyletic Group
group that omits some of the descendants of the MRCA
clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Polyphyletic Group
A grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor
List the four major eons in chronological order
Hadean (oldest)
Archaean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic (now)
Hadean Eon
before life arose
Archaean Eon
formation of early life
LUCA lived at this time
Proterozoic Eon
oxygen accumulation and the flourishing of early life
possible fusion of bacterium and archaean, yielding ancestor of eukaryotic cells
symbiosis of mitochondrial ancestor with ancestor of eukaryotes
symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants
Phanerozoic Eon
proliferation of animal and plant life
Prokaryotes
, no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Ester-linked membrane lipids
70S ribosomes
has operons
circular DNA
one RNA polymerase
none produce methane
some can fix nitrogen
Prokaryote Reproduction
reproduce by binary fission
daughter cells are clones of the original
lateral gene transfer, prokaryotes acquire DNA through multiple paths:
- transformation - from the environment
- transduction - by bacteriophage infection
- conjugation - via "sex"
Bacteria v. Archaea
Bacteria:
- cell walls of peptidoglycan
- plasma membranes similar to eukarya
- distinct ribosomes and RNA polymerase
- fatty acid chains (also in eukarya)
- ester linkage (also in eukarya)
- d-glycerol (also in eukarya)
Archaea:
- cell walls of polysaccharide
- unique plasma membranes
- ribosomes and RNA polymerase that are similar to eukaryotic
- branched isoprene chains
- ether linkage
- l-glycerol
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Phototrophs
use light energy to generate ATP
Chemotrophs
breakage/formation of new chemical bonds to release energy for respiration or
fermentation to generate ATP
Autotrophs
make their own organic molecules (e.g. glucose) by reducing inorganic CO2
Heterotrophs
require carbon already in the form of organic molecules
Sources of Energy and Carbon
Energy:
photo - light
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
What types of data are used in creating phylogenetic trees?
Morphological data - structural features, organs, skeletal arrangements, developmental
features
Genetic data - mtDNA, Ribosomal RNA, lots of different genes
Homology - similarity due to common ancestry, trait shared by all descendants and
common ancestor, define monophyletic groups
Parsimony
the most likely pattern is the one requiring the fewest changes
What is the branching pattern on phylogenetic trees called?
topology
Outgroup
species outside group of comparison
provides context for location on Tree of Life
Monophyletic Group
group that includes the MRCA of all those organisms (and no others) and all. the
descendants of that MRCA
Paraphyletic Group
group that omits some of the descendants of the MRCA
clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Polyphyletic Group
A grouping consisting of several species that lack a common ancestor
List the four major eons in chronological order
Hadean (oldest)
Archaean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic (now)
Hadean Eon
before life arose
Archaean Eon
formation of early life
LUCA lived at this time
Proterozoic Eon
oxygen accumulation and the flourishing of early life
possible fusion of bacterium and archaean, yielding ancestor of eukaryotic cells
symbiosis of mitochondrial ancestor with ancestor of eukaryotes
symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants
Phanerozoic Eon
proliferation of animal and plant life
Prokaryotes
, no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Ester-linked membrane lipids
70S ribosomes
has operons
circular DNA
one RNA polymerase
none produce methane
some can fix nitrogen
Prokaryote Reproduction
reproduce by binary fission
daughter cells are clones of the original
lateral gene transfer, prokaryotes acquire DNA through multiple paths:
- transformation - from the environment
- transduction - by bacteriophage infection
- conjugation - via "sex"
Bacteria v. Archaea
Bacteria:
- cell walls of peptidoglycan
- plasma membranes similar to eukarya
- distinct ribosomes and RNA polymerase
- fatty acid chains (also in eukarya)
- ester linkage (also in eukarya)
- d-glycerol (also in eukarya)
Archaea:
- cell walls of polysaccharide
- unique plasma membranes
- ribosomes and RNA polymerase that are similar to eukaryotic
- branched isoprene chains
- ether linkage
- l-glycerol
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Phototrophs
use light energy to generate ATP
Chemotrophs
breakage/formation of new chemical bonds to release energy for respiration or
fermentation to generate ATP
Autotrophs
make their own organic molecules (e.g. glucose) by reducing inorganic CO2
Heterotrophs
require carbon already in the form of organic molecules
Sources of Energy and Carbon
Energy:
photo - light
