BIO 1108 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
features of the animal kingdom
multicellularity, complex tissue structure, heterotrophy, active movement, diverse in
form and size
multicellularity
many have complex bodies
heterotrophy
obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms
active movement
move more rapidly and in more complex ways than other organisms
diversity of form and size
range in size from microscopic to enormous
animals have complex tissues, including ---- and ---- tissue
nervous; muscle
nervous systems use electrical communication
allows for extremely rapid signaling and movement
heterotrophy
all animals obtain energy by ingesting other organisms (or their products)
herbivores
eat plants
carnivores
eat animals
omnivores
eat both plants and animals
detritivores
consume decomposing plants/animals or feces
heterotrophy
digestion systems are varied and adapted to diet
herbivores often have mutualistic microbes that provide the enzymes necessary
to break down
cellulose and lignin
large intestine of rabbits and horses has a long
cecum- houses large populations of microorganisms
movement
-nervous and muscle systems allow active movement
-methods of locomotion are diverse
somatic cells are
diploid
gametes are
haploid
haploid egg and sperm unite (fertilization)
diploid zygote
, external fertilization
the gametes are released into the environment and fertilization takes place outside the
body
internal fertilization
sperm is passed into the reproductive tract of the female
embryo development
following fertilization, embryos may develop in the environment or stay inside the female
oviparous
lay eggs which then develop in the environment
viviparous
embryos develop inside the female and receive nutrients from her body
ovoviviparous
embryos develop within eggs that are retained inside the female
fragmentation
parts of the body break off and regenerate
Most animals reproduce sexually
some are asexual and have budding or fragmentation
parthenogenesis
unfertilized eggs result in males, found in vertebrates and insects
cleavage
-after 3 divisions -> 8-cell stage
-cells continue to divide and/or rearrange
blastula
-migration of cells -> 6 to 32-cell hollow ball
-blastocoel is internal activity
gastrulation
forms the gastrula that is characterized by 3 germ layers
invagination forms
blastopore and archenteron (embryonic gut)
sets up formation of
outer and inner germ layers
in most animals, a third, middle germ layer forms within
remaining blastocoel
endoderm
inner lining of most digestive tract organs, trachea, lungs
mesoderm
all muscle, bone, cartilage, blood, most other visceral organs
ectoderm
outer epithelium of body surface, central nervous system
coelom
fluid-filled body cavity lined within the mesoderm or between the meso- and endoderm
acoelomates
no body cavity
eucoelomates
have a body cavity within the mesoderm, in which both the gut and the body wall are
lined with mesoderm
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
features of the animal kingdom
multicellularity, complex tissue structure, heterotrophy, active movement, diverse in
form and size
multicellularity
many have complex bodies
heterotrophy
obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms
active movement
move more rapidly and in more complex ways than other organisms
diversity of form and size
range in size from microscopic to enormous
animals have complex tissues, including ---- and ---- tissue
nervous; muscle
nervous systems use electrical communication
allows for extremely rapid signaling and movement
heterotrophy
all animals obtain energy by ingesting other organisms (or their products)
herbivores
eat plants
carnivores
eat animals
omnivores
eat both plants and animals
detritivores
consume decomposing plants/animals or feces
heterotrophy
digestion systems are varied and adapted to diet
herbivores often have mutualistic microbes that provide the enzymes necessary
to break down
cellulose and lignin
large intestine of rabbits and horses has a long
cecum- houses large populations of microorganisms
movement
-nervous and muscle systems allow active movement
-methods of locomotion are diverse
somatic cells are
diploid
gametes are
haploid
haploid egg and sperm unite (fertilization)
diploid zygote
, external fertilization
the gametes are released into the environment and fertilization takes place outside the
body
internal fertilization
sperm is passed into the reproductive tract of the female
embryo development
following fertilization, embryos may develop in the environment or stay inside the female
oviparous
lay eggs which then develop in the environment
viviparous
embryos develop inside the female and receive nutrients from her body
ovoviviparous
embryos develop within eggs that are retained inside the female
fragmentation
parts of the body break off and regenerate
Most animals reproduce sexually
some are asexual and have budding or fragmentation
parthenogenesis
unfertilized eggs result in males, found in vertebrates and insects
cleavage
-after 3 divisions -> 8-cell stage
-cells continue to divide and/or rearrange
blastula
-migration of cells -> 6 to 32-cell hollow ball
-blastocoel is internal activity
gastrulation
forms the gastrula that is characterized by 3 germ layers
invagination forms
blastopore and archenteron (embryonic gut)
sets up formation of
outer and inner germ layers
in most animals, a third, middle germ layer forms within
remaining blastocoel
endoderm
inner lining of most digestive tract organs, trachea, lungs
mesoderm
all muscle, bone, cartilage, blood, most other visceral organs
ectoderm
outer epithelium of body surface, central nervous system
coelom
fluid-filled body cavity lined within the mesoderm or between the meso- and endoderm
acoelomates
no body cavity
eucoelomates
have a body cavity within the mesoderm, in which both the gut and the body wall are
lined with mesoderm
