BIOL 4100 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
vast majority of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are _______
cis
double bonds in fatty acids create _______
kinks
in glycerophospholipids ________ replaces one of the fatty chains
phophoester
phosphate group has what charge?
negatively
groups could be positive example:
ethenolamine, choline
zwitterionic groups example:
serine
slightly polar group example:
cyclic sugar inositol
How does cholesterol affect fluidity at lower temperatures?
Reduces interactions between fatty acids, leading to INCREASED FLUIDITY
How does cholesterol affect rigidity at higher temperatures?
INCREASES RIGIDITY by promoting interactions between hydrocarbon rings and fatty
acid tails
,structure of cholesterol
four hydrophobic hydrocarbon rings and a polar hydroxyl (OH) group
T/F cholesterol is amphipathic
true
is cholesterol found in plant cells?
no, only animal cels
The __________ are derivatives of cholesterol; they act as ____________
steroid hormones; chemical messengers (adrenal glands)
examples of steroid hormones
estrogens and testosterone
list the 5 major phospholipids
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol,
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin
which phospholipids are located on the outer leaflet?
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin
which phospholipids are located on the inner leaflet?
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol
where are glycolipids located?
outer leaflet with carbohydrate portions exposed on the cell surface
Glycocalyx
(Cell coat) carbohydrate rich layer forming the outer coat of a eukaryotic cell. it is
formed by the Glycoproteins are predominantly cell surface proteins
what does glycocalyx do?
, 1. Protects cells against mechanical and chemical damage
2. Barrier for microorganisms
3. Involved in cell-cell interactions
N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)
The O-glycosidic linkage is to the hydroxyl of serine (Ser, S), threonine (Thr, T)
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
The N-glycosidiclinkage is through the amide group of asparagine (Asn, N)
where are carbohydrate groups added?
in the ER and Golgi
Glycoproteins are predominantly what type of proteins?
cell surface
glycocalyx aka
pericellular matrix
where is glycocalyx found mainly?
epithelial cells
integral membrane proteins
- inserted into bilayer
- can only be released with detergents
- detergents disrupt hydrophobic interactions!!
- see photo for types
peripheral membrane proteins
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
vast majority of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids are _______
cis
double bonds in fatty acids create _______
kinks
in glycerophospholipids ________ replaces one of the fatty chains
phophoester
phosphate group has what charge?
negatively
groups could be positive example:
ethenolamine, choline
zwitterionic groups example:
serine
slightly polar group example:
cyclic sugar inositol
How does cholesterol affect fluidity at lower temperatures?
Reduces interactions between fatty acids, leading to INCREASED FLUIDITY
How does cholesterol affect rigidity at higher temperatures?
INCREASES RIGIDITY by promoting interactions between hydrocarbon rings and fatty
acid tails
,structure of cholesterol
four hydrophobic hydrocarbon rings and a polar hydroxyl (OH) group
T/F cholesterol is amphipathic
true
is cholesterol found in plant cells?
no, only animal cels
The __________ are derivatives of cholesterol; they act as ____________
steroid hormones; chemical messengers (adrenal glands)
examples of steroid hormones
estrogens and testosterone
list the 5 major phospholipids
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol,
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin
which phospholipids are located on the outer leaflet?
phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin
which phospholipids are located on the inner leaflet?
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol
where are glycolipids located?
outer leaflet with carbohydrate portions exposed on the cell surface
Glycocalyx
(Cell coat) carbohydrate rich layer forming the outer coat of a eukaryotic cell. it is
formed by the Glycoproteins are predominantly cell surface proteins
what does glycocalyx do?
, 1. Protects cells against mechanical and chemical damage
2. Barrier for microorganisms
3. Involved in cell-cell interactions
N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)
The O-glycosidic linkage is to the hydroxyl of serine (Ser, S), threonine (Thr, T)
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
The N-glycosidiclinkage is through the amide group of asparagine (Asn, N)
where are carbohydrate groups added?
in the ER and Golgi
Glycoproteins are predominantly what type of proteins?
cell surface
glycocalyx aka
pericellular matrix
where is glycocalyx found mainly?
epithelial cells
integral membrane proteins
- inserted into bilayer
- can only be released with detergents
- detergents disrupt hydrophobic interactions!!
- see photo for types
peripheral membrane proteins
