BIOL 3150 CHAPTER 19 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Stimulus
changes in external or internal environment detected by sensory receptors
Sensation
conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
Perception
consciously aware of a small fraction of stimuli we sense (thalamus filters sensory
information)
General Senses
temperature, pain, touch, stretch (joints, tendons, muscles), pressure; external
Special Senses
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, audition (hearing)
Sensory Receptors
specialized cells or neurons that send information directly to the CNS
Transduction
sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials
What does the brain notice the difference in in transduction?
frequency (not magnitude)
What does a smaller receptive field indicate?
field is more sensitive and precise
Proprioceptors
,stretch in skeletal muscles, ligaments, etc
3 Methods of Classifying Sensory Receptors
stimulus type, stimulus origin, receptor distribution
Sensory Modality/Type
chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors,
nociceptors (pain receptors)
Stimulus Origin
exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors
Distribution of General vs Special Receptors
general in skin and organs and special in complex head organs
Tonic Receptors
receive and process stimuli continuously at constant rate; constant awareness;
response is same every time; sensitivity to stimulus remains relatively constant with
continued exposure
Phasic Receptors
detect new stimulus or change in a stimulus that has already been applied; react then
adapt; sensitivity to stimulus diminishes with continued exposure
Adaptation
diminishing sensitivity to stimulus
Referred Pain
use same ascending tract within spinal cord as dermatome; localized incorrectly; ex.
pain in left arm during heart attack
Phantom Pain
, feel something that's no longer there but pathway still is
Where are general sense receptors most frequently located?
skin
Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors
not surrounded by connective tissue
Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
surrounded by connective tissue
What types of tactile receptors are unencapsulated?
tactile discs, free nerve endings, root hair plexus
What type of tactile receptors are encapsulated?
tactile corpuscles, end bulbs, bulbous corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles
What are free nerve endings for?
temperature, pain, pressure
Where are free nerve endings located?
deep in epidermis and papillary layer of dermis
Are free nerve endings phasic or tonic?
can be either
What are root hair plexus for?
movement of hair
Where are root hair plexus located?
reticular layer of dermis
Are root hair plexus phasic or tonic?
phasic
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Stimulus
changes in external or internal environment detected by sensory receptors
Sensation
conscious awareness of incoming sensory information
Perception
consciously aware of a small fraction of stimuli we sense (thalamus filters sensory
information)
General Senses
temperature, pain, touch, stretch (joints, tendons, muscles), pressure; external
Special Senses
gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, audition (hearing)
Sensory Receptors
specialized cells or neurons that send information directly to the CNS
Transduction
sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials
What does the brain notice the difference in in transduction?
frequency (not magnitude)
What does a smaller receptive field indicate?
field is more sensitive and precise
Proprioceptors
,stretch in skeletal muscles, ligaments, etc
3 Methods of Classifying Sensory Receptors
stimulus type, stimulus origin, receptor distribution
Sensory Modality/Type
chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, thermoreceptors,
nociceptors (pain receptors)
Stimulus Origin
exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors
Distribution of General vs Special Receptors
general in skin and organs and special in complex head organs
Tonic Receptors
receive and process stimuli continuously at constant rate; constant awareness;
response is same every time; sensitivity to stimulus remains relatively constant with
continued exposure
Phasic Receptors
detect new stimulus or change in a stimulus that has already been applied; react then
adapt; sensitivity to stimulus diminishes with continued exposure
Adaptation
diminishing sensitivity to stimulus
Referred Pain
use same ascending tract within spinal cord as dermatome; localized incorrectly; ex.
pain in left arm during heart attack
Phantom Pain
, feel something that's no longer there but pathway still is
Where are general sense receptors most frequently located?
skin
Unencapsulated Tactile Receptors
not surrounded by connective tissue
Encapsulated Tactile Receptors
surrounded by connective tissue
What types of tactile receptors are unencapsulated?
tactile discs, free nerve endings, root hair plexus
What type of tactile receptors are encapsulated?
tactile corpuscles, end bulbs, bulbous corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles
What are free nerve endings for?
temperature, pain, pressure
Where are free nerve endings located?
deep in epidermis and papillary layer of dermis
Are free nerve endings phasic or tonic?
can be either
What are root hair plexus for?
movement of hair
Where are root hair plexus located?
reticular layer of dermis
Are root hair plexus phasic or tonic?
phasic
