BIOL 3150 TEST 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
What determines intelligence?
Number of active synapses in the wiring - NOT size
Rostral
towards the nose
Caudal
towards the tail
Insula
line between temporal lobe and frontal lobe
Gyrus with Sulcus
The elevations in combination with the valleys increases surface area, which allows
more neurons and synapses which allows greater intelligence
Embryonic Development of the Brain
begins rostral end of neural tube. Restricted by membranous skull, and midbrain and
cervical flexures bend brain toward the brain stem.
Organization of Neural Tissue
Gray matter - cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, dendrites
White matter - interior of gray matter. Myelin in myelin sheaths give white presentation
in white matter.
Support and Protection of the brain
,protected and isolated by many structures:
-cranium - rigid support
-meninges - CT membranes, protect, support and partition
CSF - cushioning fluid
Blood-brain barrier - prevents entry of harmful substances from bloodstream
Cranial Meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Separate soft tissue of brain from skull, enclose and protect blood vessels, forms
partitions with skull that limit excessive brain movement, contain and circulate CSF,
assist to drain blood from brain to dural sinuses
Brain ventricles
Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from lumen of embryonic neural
tube. They are continuous with one another and connect the central canal of the spinal
cord. They are filled with fluid and lined by ependymal cells.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
clear, circulating, colorless liquid found in and around the brain and spinal cord. Its
functions are buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability
CSF Formation
Choroid plexus, which is found hanging from the roof of ventricles. It represents a
cluster of thin-walled capillaries enclosed by a layer of ependymal cells, supported by
folds of pia mater. Tight junctions within an epithelium seals. CSF originates from blood
plasma and is produced by secretion from ependymal cells
CSF Circulation
, 150 mls in adult. 500 ml/day are produced (replace every 8 hours). CSF continuously
removed from subarachnoid space via arachnoid villi to venous circulation. If it
accumulates then it will compress/damage nervous tissue.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Protective mechanism that isolates the brain from general circulation and maintains a
stable environment. Its components are continuous endothelium of capillary (tight
junctions), thick basal lamina (fused basement membranes), and perivascular feet of
astrocytes. It is a selective rather than absolute barrier. Anything lipid-soluble can move
across the barrier.
Cerebrum
comprised of two large hemispheres on superior aspect of brain. It is the location of
conscious thought processes & origin of all complex intellectual functions.
Hemispheric/cerebral lateralization: both hemispheres receive sensory information
from/project motor commands to the opposite side of the body and appear anatomic
mirror images but display functional differences
Functions of Cerebrum
intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory & judgment along with
voluntary motor, visual & auditory activities
Functions of the Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex (in precentral gyrus)
Premotor cortex
Frontal eye field
Motor speech area (broca area)
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
What determines intelligence?
Number of active synapses in the wiring - NOT size
Rostral
towards the nose
Caudal
towards the tail
Insula
line between temporal lobe and frontal lobe
Gyrus with Sulcus
The elevations in combination with the valleys increases surface area, which allows
more neurons and synapses which allows greater intelligence
Embryonic Development of the Brain
begins rostral end of neural tube. Restricted by membranous skull, and midbrain and
cervical flexures bend brain toward the brain stem.
Organization of Neural Tissue
Gray matter - cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, dendrites
White matter - interior of gray matter. Myelin in myelin sheaths give white presentation
in white matter.
Support and Protection of the brain
,protected and isolated by many structures:
-cranium - rigid support
-meninges - CT membranes, protect, support and partition
CSF - cushioning fluid
Blood-brain barrier - prevents entry of harmful substances from bloodstream
Cranial Meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Separate soft tissue of brain from skull, enclose and protect blood vessels, forms
partitions with skull that limit excessive brain movement, contain and circulate CSF,
assist to drain blood from brain to dural sinuses
Brain ventricles
Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from lumen of embryonic neural
tube. They are continuous with one another and connect the central canal of the spinal
cord. They are filled with fluid and lined by ependymal cells.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
clear, circulating, colorless liquid found in and around the brain and spinal cord. Its
functions are buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability
CSF Formation
Choroid plexus, which is found hanging from the roof of ventricles. It represents a
cluster of thin-walled capillaries enclosed by a layer of ependymal cells, supported by
folds of pia mater. Tight junctions within an epithelium seals. CSF originates from blood
plasma and is produced by secretion from ependymal cells
CSF Circulation
, 150 mls in adult. 500 ml/day are produced (replace every 8 hours). CSF continuously
removed from subarachnoid space via arachnoid villi to venous circulation. If it
accumulates then it will compress/damage nervous tissue.
Blood-Brain Barrier
Protective mechanism that isolates the brain from general circulation and maintains a
stable environment. Its components are continuous endothelium of capillary (tight
junctions), thick basal lamina (fused basement membranes), and perivascular feet of
astrocytes. It is a selective rather than absolute barrier. Anything lipid-soluble can move
across the barrier.
Cerebrum
comprised of two large hemispheres on superior aspect of brain. It is the location of
conscious thought processes & origin of all complex intellectual functions.
Hemispheric/cerebral lateralization: both hemispheres receive sensory information
from/project motor commands to the opposite side of the body and appear anatomic
mirror images but display functional differences
Functions of Cerebrum
intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory & judgment along with
voluntary motor, visual & auditory activities
Functions of the Frontal Lobe
Primary motor cortex (in precentral gyrus)
Premotor cortex
Frontal eye field
Motor speech area (broca area)
