PSB 4240 Exam 1 | Questions with 100% Correct Answers

PSB 4240 Exam 1 | Questions with 100% Correct Answers Following damage to his frontal lobes, subject L. D. had lasting impairments in: Attention Neuropsychology uses information from many disciplines. Which discipline is NOT one of those? Mycology Communication between cerebral hemispheres occurs via the: corpus callosum The folds or bumps characteristic of the cerebral cortex are called: Gyri The corpus callosum is the largest of the brain's: Commissures The brain and spinal cord together make up the _____ nervous system. Central Which of the following supported a cardiac hypothesis of behavior? Aristole Descartes was an articulate proponent of _____. Dualism If a person believes that brain function is only the source of some behaviors, it is accurate to refer to that person as a: Dualist With respect to the "mind-brain" problem, followers of Wallace and Darwin would MOST likely consider themselves to be _____. Materialists Two individuals developed similar theories of evolution at about the same time. Charles Darwin was one; the other was _____. Alfred Wallace Materialism is the philosophical position that all behavior can be explained by the: workings of the physical nervous system and body alone Darwin's principle that all animals' nervous systems evolved from that of a common ancestor predicted that: brain-behavior relationships have remained largely unchanged during the course of evolution Although the phrenologists were misguided in many respects, Gall actually did report, more or less accurately, the first case of _____ following left frontal damage. loss of the ability to speak Early support for lateralization and localization of function came from postmortem studies of: human with language disorders Although all of the individuals listed made contributions to our knowledge of the lateralization of language functions in the brain, _____ is generally credited with the MOST important findings. Broca The hypothesis that the ability to speak depends on the left frontal lobe is an example of: lateralization of function The cortical area MOST closely associated with speech comprehension is the _____ lobe. Temporal Apraxia is the inability to: make sequences of movements The currently used medical diagnosis "persistent vegetative state" MOST closely reflects the nervous system's: hierarchical organization A person who cannot understand how the brain ties together past perceptions and actions in a unified memory is pondering: the binding problem The scientist who discovers how a unitary perception is made from multiple streams of sensory information will have solved the: binding problem Sherrington's studies of the reflex arc in dogs led him to conclude that: there are gaps between individual communicating neurons The scientific discipline BEST associated with the development of intelligence tests is: neurology Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for the transmission of sensory signals from the body to the contralateral side of the brain? the somatic The brain is organized so that the _____ mediates cognitive functions, the _____ is responsible for regulatory functions like eating and sleeping, and the _____ is responsible for communication with the motor system. forebrain, brainstem, spinal cord Who thought that mental processes came from the heart, not the brain? Aristole If someone believes in a material brain that interacts with a nonmaterial mind, that person would be BEST called a _____. Dualist According to Descartes, which human brain structure was the locus of the mind? the pineal body In terms of the similarity of their ideas about nature, who is Alfred Wallace BEST paired with? Charles Darwin Gall and Spurzheim were the first to propose the general theory that _____. different parts of the brain had different functions Today, when neuroscientists use the term "mind," most are using it as shorthand for: the collective functions of the brain A cranioscopy was used for which purpose? to measure the bumps and depressions of the skull From studying several cases of brain damage, who proposed that speech was located in the third convolution of the left frontal lobe? Paul broca So-called fluent aphasia, associated with damage to the left temporal lobe, was first accurately described and located by _____. Carl Wernicke By studying individuals with damage to particular brain regions, memory researchers have found that different aspects of memories seem to be stored in different parts of the brain. As yet, however, the researchers have not determined how these elements are combined into an integrated memory of an event or stimulus. This is referred to as the _____ problem. binding Who first presented compelling evidence that the nervous system is composed of individual cells and is not a "nerve net"? Ramón y Cajal Who coined the term "synapse"? Sherrington All animals along a particular branch of a cladogram: share specific physical or behavioral traits. The full set of a species' genes is known as its: Genome Modern chimpanzees and humans share about _____ percent of their genes. 99 The fossil evidence suggests that _____ was the first hominid to walk upright. Australopithecus The first hominids to walk upright probably appeared about _____ million years ago. 3-5 I left footprints over 3 million years ago. I was found by R. A. Dart. He named me: Australopithecus I made simple stone tools. I am about 2 million years old. Louis Leakey found me in the Olduvai Gorge. My name is _____. Australopithecus Which of the following is MOST ancient? africanus Mammals with EQs larger than 1.0 would most likely have a _____ brain than is expected for mammals of that particular body weight. Larger The average weight of the human brain is between _____ ml. 1300 and 1400 Choose the correct ordering of encephalization quotients for the following list of species (from highest to lowest). human, chimpanzee, monkey, cat The encephalization quotient of modern humans is _____ that of chimpanzees. three times Which of the following has the highest EQ? Dolphin The encephalization quotient relates a mammalian species': actual brain size to its expected brain size The evolutionary adaptation by which juvenile features of predecessor species become the adult features of descendent species is: Neoteny Falk has suggested that the opportunity for brain expansion in the hominids is directly related to: development of more dispersed blood flow The anatomical structures of rat or monkey brains: are structurally and functionally similar to the human brain The MOST recent stage of hominid evolution has involved the: development reading and writing Homeobox genes dictate both _____ in fruit flies and _____ in the human nervous system. body segmentation; central nervous system segmentation The study of nonhuman species is NOT useful in ______. developing treatments for aphasia A phylogenetic lineage refers to a: hypothetical sequence of animals representing consecutive stages in evolutionary history Which of the following evolutionary sequences is correct, based on the phylogenetic lineage described in the textbook? striate cortex, large temporal lobes, large frontal lobes, large parietal lobes Which of the following is phylogenetically furthest from humans? Opossum According to the textbook, the brain region whose growth is MOST associated with the evolution of modern humans is the: parietal lobe The larger frontal lobes in primates have come to be associated with: complex social behaviors Relative to animals with poor vision, animals that have high-acuity color vision and good depth perception would be expected to have: a relative expansion of the occipital cortex The human genome is comprised of: about 20,000 genes Variables that influence whether and how a gene is expressed do NOT include: phrenological profile Each human somatic cell contains _____ chromosomes comprised of _____ autosomes and _____ sex chromosomes. 46; 44; 2 Genetic mutations are: sometimes both disruptive and beneficial Tay-Sachs disease is inherited through a _____ gene and Huntington's disease is inherited through a _____ gene. recessive; dominant Down syndrome is an _____, while Tay-Sachs disease involves an _____. abnormality in chromosome number; inherited recessive allele Phenotypic plasticity accounts for: the way that identical genotypes do not produce identical phenotypes. Phenotypic plasticity is due in part to: a genome's capacity to express a large number of phenotypes The epigenetic code is a second code governing protein production through environmental influences that: block (suppress) the expression of some genes and unlock the expression of others. A common epigenetic mechanism that suppresses gene expression is: DNA methylation According to Mendelian genetics theory experience _____, but it appears that through epigenetic mechanisms it _____. cannot be inherited; can be inherited From the fossil record, it seems that monkey-like mammals or primates showed evidence of increasingly _____ that was unmatched. longer brains Which is NOT a type of research that is currently being performed to reconstruct the story of human evolution? Qualitative The MOST appropriate alternative for Homo habilis is _____. Louis Leakey The MOST appropriate alternative for Australopithecus is_____. southern ape The MOST appropriate alternative for Jane Goodall is _____. Chimpanzees The MOST appropriate alternative for neoteny is_____. human adults, young chimps The ancestor of all hominids is thought to be an animal somewhat like _____. Australopithecus The theory that the genus Homo (human) began in Africa is based primarily on data from which of the following? the fossil record The _____ has the largest encephalization quotient. Dolphin Animals are used in neuropsychological research for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____. to describe the ontogenetic development of the brain According to research by Hodos and Campbell, humans have inherited a complex striate cortex from which mammalian ancestor? the tree shrew We each receive _____ chromosomes from our father and _____ chromosomes from our mother. 23;23 Recessive alleles that are not visible in a parent's phenotype can be present in their genotype and are more likely to be expressed in their child's _____. phenotype if both parents contribute recessive alleles for that trait Consideration of epigenetics helps describe how one genome can code for: different phenotype due to DNA-environment interactions If both parents contribute dysfunctional HexA genes (chromosome 15) to a child, the child is likely to exhibit _____; if only one parent contributes this allele, the child is _____ to exhibit this disorder. Tay-Sachs disease; unlikely The small protrusions found on the dendrites of neurons are called: Spines The information-processing units of the nervous system are: Neurons Neurotransmitters are chemicals responsible for: transmitting signals between neurons Newly synthesized proteins are integrated into a membrane and "addressed" by the: Golgi apparatus The chemical energy used to power a neuron's activities is synthesized by the: Mitochondria The basic structure of the cell membrane of a neuron consists of a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which are embedded _____. Proteins The biochemical process by which the information encoded in RNA is used to make proteins is: Translation It is currently held that humans have about _____ active genes. 20,000-25,000 Exocytosis is the process by which: proteins are released by cells into the extracellular environment. The process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called: Diffusion A characteristic resting potential in a neuron would be about _____ mV -70 Which of the following ions is LEAST likely to pass through the cell membrane when the neuron is at rest? organic anions Electrical excitability in neurons is maintained by a molecular pump which exchanges _____ across the plasma membrane. Na+ and K+ A change in the membrane potential from -65 mV to -70 mV is an example of: Hyperpolarization Under resting conditions, the opening of Na+ channels results in a(n) _____ of Na+ ions. Influx Depolarization is usually due to the movement of _____. Na+ In order for a neuron to reach the threshold for generating an action potential, it must be: Depolarized The main ion responsible for initiating the action potential at the axon hillock is _____. Sodium A brief but large reversal in the membrane potential is characteristic of: the action potential The main ion responsible for the restoration of the resting potential is _____. Potassium During _____ a neuron is incapable of generating an action potentia the absolute refractory period The movement of which of the following ions is MOST likely to produce a hyperpolarization following an action potential? Potassium The Na+ channel-blocking poison found in puffer fish is: Tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin most specifically interferes with which component of neural transmission? action potential propagation The movement of the action potential from axon hillock to axon terminal is known as: the nerve impulse The two factors that determine nerve impulse speed in the axon are: axon diameter and myelination A long, myelinated axon lacking nodes of Ranvier would probably: not propagate nerve impulses more slowly than one with nodes of Ranvier. Nerve impulses in mammals can travel at speeds up to about _____ meters per second. 120 Saltatory conduction occurs in neurons with _____. myelin sheaths Multiple sclerosis results from the deterioration of _____. Myelin Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disorder in which: myelin is damaged The closer a synapse is to the _____, the more influential it is going to be in determining the production of action potentials in that neuron. axon hillock _____ embedded in the cell membrane act as gates and transportation systems that allow selected substances to pass through the membrane. Proteins The "power plants" of the cell, which provide most of the energy for cell functions, are the _____. endoplasmic reticula Tubules are primarily concerned with _____. protein transport The resting charge in neurons is about _____. -70 mV relative to the outside Membrane pumps exchange Na+ ions for _____ ions K+ Which ion form is the most appropriate match for potassium ion? K+ Which ion form is the most appropriate match for protein anion? A- Which ion form is the most appropriate match for hyperpolarization? Cl- Which ion form is the most appropriate match for depolarization?