PSB 4240 Exam 2 | Questions and Answers

PSB 4240 Exam 2 | Questions and Answers The property that sets sensory receptors apart from other cells is their ability to _____. convert energy into nerve impulses The ability to discriminate individual stimuli is highest from surfaces with: small, closely spaced receptive fields Groups of intervening synapses between a sensory receptor and sensory cortex are known as: neural relays The common output of sensory transduction in all sensory systems is: an action potential Each sensory system employs multiple cortical regions, each consisting of _____ of the sensory world. multiple specialized maps The axons of the _____ form the optic nerve. retinal ganglion cells The output fibers forming the optic nerve from the retina are axons of: retinal ganglion cells Where would an investigator most likely find neurons that are most capable of dealing with information from the whole binocular visual field? the visual cortex In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), layers _____ receive input from the contralateral eye. 1,4 and 6 The axon terminal from LGN neurons project primarily to layer(s) _____ of area 17. IV The eardrum marks the boundary between the: outer and middle ear The appreciation of _____ is MOST closely related to the frequency of the sound stimulus. pitch The _____ is to hearing as the retina is to seeing. organ of Corti The peak of the traveling wave in the basilar membrane varies with the _____ of the sound. Frequency According to tonotopic theory: different points on the basilar membrane represent different sound frequencies. Which of the following relays in the auditory system is the MOST peripheral (closest to the ear)? the cochlear nucleus Ian Waterman's infection left him with a loss of all _____ due to a disorder of his peripheral nerves. Proprioception A patient who cannot locate the position of her limbs in space unless she is looking at them is suffering from a loss of: Proprioception Damage to the posterior column somatosensory pathway would be expected to disrupt perception of: fine touch and pressure The sensory homunculus is a cortical representation of: the body proportional to body surface sensitivity. The area of the somatosensory cortex devoted to an area of the body surface is proportional to the: density of sensory receptors on the area The primary deficit following damage to the semicircular canals would most probably be a disturbance of: sense of balance Olfaction and gustation are known as the: chemical senses Brain-imaging studies suggest that the perception of flavor depends on activity in the: orbitofrontal cortex The integration of taste and smell stimuli results in the perception of: Flavor The subjective experience that results from sensory processing is referred to as: Perception The Müller-Lyer illusion shows the importance of _____ in perception. contextual cues Receptors that respond to external stimuli are called _____; receptors that respond to our own activity are called _____. exteroceptive;introceptive Neural _____ modify messages between the sensory receptors and the brain. Relays To communicate with the brain, the sensory systems use: a common code to communicate, sending information to the brain with action potentials The part of the visual system responsible for controlling pupil size is the _____. Pretectum Voluntary eye movements are largely regulated by neural circuits centered in the _____. frontal eye fields The axons of ganglion cells form the _____ nerve. Optic In the Brodmann system, primary visual cortex is given the number _____. 17 Pitch is MOST closely related to _____. Frequency The retina is to seeing as the _____ is to hearing. organ of corti Brodmann's area 41 is associated with which sense? Audition Pacinian corpuscles are receptors in the _____ sensory system. Touch The map on which the relative sensitivity of body parts are represented by size is called: a homunculus Otolith organs are associated with the sense of _____. balance New research indicates that the experience of tasting a flavor is likely to be the result of neurons that respond: to both olfaction and taste The main thalamic nucleus that sends signals about taste to the cortex is the _____. ventral posteromedial Evidence suggests that the primary motor cortex is organized on the basis of: specific movements Movement sequences are organized by neurons in the: premotor cortex The multiple motor homunculi have been suggested to correspond to different: classes of movement Defensive facial expressions are an example of a(n) _____ category. ethological movement Karl and Whishaw (2013) concluded that reaching for an object involves: _____ pathway(s) from _____ to _____. two; V1; the parietal cortex and M1 Disruption of movement sequences, in the absence of muscle weakness, would follow lesions of the: premotor cortex Research by Evarts found that the firing rate of neurons in the monkey motor cortex: increased as the amount of force required to make a wrist movement increased Neurons that respond both when the subject performs an action and when the subject observes the action being performed are called _____ neurons. Mirror Mirror neurons may provide a neurobiological basis for: social awareness There are about _____ pathways that originate in the brainstem and project to the spinal cord. 26 A patient who has difficulty with balance, posture, and coordination would MOST likely have a lesion in the: brainstem motor areas Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder resulting from degeneration of: caudate putamen cells The basal ganglia receive neural inputs from two main sources. These sources are the: neocortex and substantia nigra One role of the basal ganglia in producing effective movements is the: generation of the appropriate amount of force Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of neurons that release the neurotransmitter: dopamine Exaggerated, excessive movements are characteristic of degeneration of the: caudate putamen The flocculus is part of the _____. Cerebellum An inability to generate the appropriate amount of force when executing a movement might be seen following damage to the: basal ganglia When learning to throw darts, the basal ganglia contribute to the _____ of the throw, whereas the cerebellum contributes to the _____ of the throw. force; lateral accuracy The contribution of the cerebellum to the control of movement is: fine-tuning of limiting and accuracy Corticobulbar fibers project from the motor cortex to the: Brainstem Difficulty holding a pen to write would MOST likely result from damage to the: lateral corticospinal tract Difficulty maintaining proper posture and balance would MOST likely result from damage to the: anterior corticospinal tract The planning of motor movements seems to be the primary responsibility of neural circuits in the _____. prefrontal cortex The sequencing of movements is handled by neurons located primarily in the _____. premotor cortex The technique used by Roland to investigate how the neocortex produces movements was _____. cerebral blood flow The lexicon of elementary hand and mouth motor movements is contained in the _____. primary motor cortex The scientist who used pulses of electrical stimulation in conscious humans and found that stimulation of the precentral gyrus triggered movement was _____. Penfield Which three components of motor cortex organization were proposed by Graziano? the part of the body moved, spatial location to which movement is directed, and function of movement In Evarts's experiment, when are neurons in the wrist region of the motor cortex inactive? when the monkey brings its wrist back to the starting position "Mirror neurons" got their name because they discharge: when a monkey makes a movement or sees another monkey or person make that movement. The degenerative disorder associated with muscular rigidity and difficulty initiating and performing movements is called _____. Parkinson's disease An important dopaminergic projection to the basal ganglia comes from neurons in the _____. substantia nigra Damage to neural circuits in the _____ is responsible for the symptoms of Huntington's disease. caudate putamen Which of the following appears to be a part of the role of the cerebellum? timing movements Axons of the _____ motor pathway cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord at the level of the pyramids of the brainstem. lateral corticospinal Which of these neurons project to muscles? extensor neurons The ability of our brains to be changed by experience and to recover from damage is due to the quality known as: Plasticity An animal in which only the hindbrain and spinal cord remain is said to be: low decerebrate. Stepping behavior is coordinated by circuits at the level of the: low decerebrate Stepping behavior is coordinated by circuits at the level of the spinal cord Which of the following behaviors or physiological abilities is not observed in low-decerebrate animals? Thermoregulation Excessive tone in the antigravity muscles is characteristic of: decerebrate rigidity A person in a persistent vegetative state most resembles an animal with experimental lesions to the: Hindbrain The lowest level at which voluntary movements can be coordinated is the: Midbrain Which of the following conditions is best associated with hyperactivity, sham rage, and intact thermoregulatory ability? Diencephalic Bard found that in order to see sham rage it was necessary to leave intact the posterior portion of the _____; Hypothalamus Uncontrolled rage or laughter would signal a possible lesion in the area of the: Hypothalamus The coordination of automatic and voluntary movements occurs at the level of the: basal ganglia Which of the following is beyond the capacity of a decorticate rat? hoarding food Based upon his studies of myelin development in the cortex, Paul Flechsig suggested that myelin forms earliest in _____ cortical zones and latest in _____ cortical zones. primary; tertiary Neurons that have dendritic spines are typically: Excitatory The principal output neurons of the cerebral cortex are _____ cells. Pyramidal All aspiny neurons are thought to release _____ as one of their neurotransmitters. GABA Maintenance of cortical arousal is one of the putative functions of: nonspecific afferents Specific thalamic afferents in the mammalian brain terminate primarily in layer _____ of the neocortex. IV The simplest functional unit of the cortex is hypothesized to be the: Column In monkeys, the multimodal or polymodal cortex is found in: all cortical lobes Jerison has suggested that there exists a positive correlation between the number of cortical maps and: the complexity of sensorimotor perception The _____ is located immediately above the corpus callosum. cingulate cortex The ability of one cortical area to influence another from which it receives input is referred to as _____. Reentry Cortical areas influence the activity of the regions from which they receive input through: reentrant loops According to Luria's theory of cortical function, the motor unit corresponds to the: frontal lobe As information moves from primary to secondary to association cortex in the sensory unit, it becomes: increasingly elaborated and integrated On the basis of patterns of neural connectivity, Felleman and van Essen have proposed that brain function is: distributed and hierarchical In contemporary models of cortical function, complex cognitive operations involve: cortical areas acting conjointly through large-scale neural networks. The development of von Economo neurons in humans and great apes has been suggested to be associated with the emergence of: theory of mind When its brain is injured in such a way that the hindbrain and spinal cord are still connected but both are disconnected from the rest of the brain, an animal is called _____. low decerebrate Behavioral changes similar to those of people who enter a persistent vegetative state (PVS) are also seen in _____ animals.1 low-decerebrate Excessive tone in the _____ muscles is called decerebrate rigidity. Antigravity The _____ is critically important in maintaining bodily homeostasis. Hypothalamus The individual who first studied the development of myelin in the cortex was _____. Flechsig The deepest layer of the cerebral cortex is given the Roman numeral _____. VI _____ bring information to an area of the cortex and terminate in relatively discrete cortical regions. specific afferents "Blobs" in the cerebral cortex have a role in _____. color perception Areas that function to combine characteristics of stimuli across different sensory modalities are called _____. Polymodal The paralimbic cortex is primarily concerned with _____. memory formation _____ are reciprocal feedback loops that play some role in amplifying or modulating cortical activity. subcortical loops What does the binding problem ask? How do sensations in specific channels combine into perceptions that translate as a unified experience that we call reality?