AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
1. Singular, circular plasmids are found in...: prokaryotes
2. Multiple, linear mitochondria are found in...: eukaryotes
3. The nucleus is absent in...: prokaryotes
4. The nucleus is present in the...: eukaryote
5. 70s ribosomes are found in...: prokaryotes
6. 80s ribosomes are found in...: eukaryotes
7. organelles are absent in...: prokaryotes
8. organelles are present in...: eukaryotes
9. eukaryotes divide by...: mitosis/sexual
10.prokaryotes divide by...: binary fission
11.What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?: the hypothesis that primitive
eukary- otic cells phagocytized bacterial cells to enhance respiratory
12.Monomorphic means..: bacteria similar in shape and size, generally
seen in cocci
13.Pleoimorphic means...: Variable, adaptive response to
environment, more common in clinical environments
14.Leptospira has what bacterial shape?: spirochete
15.What bacteria is maintained in the RENAL tubules of many species?:
lep- tospira
16.How is leptospira acquired?: contact with infected animal urine or a
contami- nated environment
17.What does leprospirosis cause?: -liver, renal, reproductive failure
-hemolysis
-can become chronic, carriers
18.What is the process of a gram stain?: 1. Unstained, heat fixed bacteria
are put on a slid (no color)
2. Crystal violet is applied as the primary stain (everything is purple)
3. Iodine is applied as a mordant (slide appears brownish, every
bacteria is still purple)
4. Alcohol is added at the decolorizing agent, (gram + cells will remain
purple but gram - cells are now uncolored)
5. Safarin is added as the COUNTER stain (gram - are now pink)
Note: in between each of these there is a wash but it wasn't really
covered in lecture, just an fyi :)
19.After the crystal violet stain of a gram stain, what color would you
expect gram - bacteria to be?: Purple: have not been decolorized or
counter stained yet
20.Why do gram + bacteria have a purple color?: Their thick peptidoglycan
1/
, AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
wall retains the complex of the dye and iodine when decolorized
2/
, AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
21.Why are techoic acids important in gram + bacteria?: Antigenic
specificity and identification
22.Why are gram - cells pink?: have a THIN peptidoglycan layer in their
wall and cannot retain complex, so stain pink-red with the safarain
counterstain
23.What are two features both gram + and gram - cells have in common?:
a periplasmic space and a cytoplasmic membrane
24.True or false: Gram - cells have an outer membrane with LPS: True
25.True or False: all gram + bacteria lack lipotechoic: False: the can have
it or can lack it, not absolute one way or the other
26.What are some bacteria that lack peptidoglycan? How can they be
de- scribed?: Mycoplasma
Chlamydiae
Bacteria lacking peptidoglycan are pleiomorphic, osmotically sensitive
-hard to culture, hard to diagnose
27.How would you classify chlamydiae bacteria?: obligate intracellular
bacte- ria, has an outer membrane with LPS, lacks peptidoglycan,
osmotically sensitive, pleiomorphic
28.What species have a complex cell wall?: Mycobacterial
29.Describe mycobacterial species: -thick, waxy layer of mycolic acids,
with thin peptidoglycan
-have a COMPLEX cell wall
-slow growing from slow nutrient uptake
30.True or False: Mycobacterial species are not able to be gram stained:
True (gram stain can't enter)
31.What stain do we use for mycobacterial species?: Acid-Fast
32.Provide two examples of bacterial SPORE species: bacillus, clostridium
33.Spore type bacteria are usually (gram + or gram -?): gram +
34.When would a vegetative cells undergo sporulatin?: when key nutrients
like C or N are depleted, or the cell is in adverse conditions
35.What is sporulation?: endospore (thick spore coat that contains all
necessary components) formation induced by environmental conditions
36.Describe a spore: dehydrated, highly durable, resistant, dormant
37.What can spores resist? How does this impact us?: they can resist
heat, drought, chemicals and radiation
Impact: need autoclaving at 121ºC to kill
38.What is a capsule? What is it composed of?: extracellular
polysaccharide matrix that can also be composed of proteins and
3/
, AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
glycoproteins
39.Do capsules gram stain?: No- too densely packed & firmly attached
4/
1. Singular, circular plasmids are found in...: prokaryotes
2. Multiple, linear mitochondria are found in...: eukaryotes
3. The nucleus is absent in...: prokaryotes
4. The nucleus is present in the...: eukaryote
5. 70s ribosomes are found in...: prokaryotes
6. 80s ribosomes are found in...: eukaryotes
7. organelles are absent in...: prokaryotes
8. organelles are present in...: eukaryotes
9. eukaryotes divide by...: mitosis/sexual
10.prokaryotes divide by...: binary fission
11.What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?: the hypothesis that primitive
eukary- otic cells phagocytized bacterial cells to enhance respiratory
12.Monomorphic means..: bacteria similar in shape and size, generally
seen in cocci
13.Pleoimorphic means...: Variable, adaptive response to
environment, more common in clinical environments
14.Leptospira has what bacterial shape?: spirochete
15.What bacteria is maintained in the RENAL tubules of many species?:
lep- tospira
16.How is leptospira acquired?: contact with infected animal urine or a
contami- nated environment
17.What does leprospirosis cause?: -liver, renal, reproductive failure
-hemolysis
-can become chronic, carriers
18.What is the process of a gram stain?: 1. Unstained, heat fixed bacteria
are put on a slid (no color)
2. Crystal violet is applied as the primary stain (everything is purple)
3. Iodine is applied as a mordant (slide appears brownish, every
bacteria is still purple)
4. Alcohol is added at the decolorizing agent, (gram + cells will remain
purple but gram - cells are now uncolored)
5. Safarin is added as the COUNTER stain (gram - are now pink)
Note: in between each of these there is a wash but it wasn't really
covered in lecture, just an fyi :)
19.After the crystal violet stain of a gram stain, what color would you
expect gram - bacteria to be?: Purple: have not been decolorized or
counter stained yet
20.Why do gram + bacteria have a purple color?: Their thick peptidoglycan
1/
, AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
wall retains the complex of the dye and iodine when decolorized
2/
, AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
21.Why are techoic acids important in gram + bacteria?: Antigenic
specificity and identification
22.Why are gram - cells pink?: have a THIN peptidoglycan layer in their
wall and cannot retain complex, so stain pink-red with the safarain
counterstain
23.What are two features both gram + and gram - cells have in common?:
a periplasmic space and a cytoplasmic membrane
24.True or false: Gram - cells have an outer membrane with LPS: True
25.True or False: all gram + bacteria lack lipotechoic: False: the can have
it or can lack it, not absolute one way or the other
26.What are some bacteria that lack peptidoglycan? How can they be
de- scribed?: Mycoplasma
Chlamydiae
Bacteria lacking peptidoglycan are pleiomorphic, osmotically sensitive
-hard to culture, hard to diagnose
27.How would you classify chlamydiae bacteria?: obligate intracellular
bacte- ria, has an outer membrane with LPS, lacks peptidoglycan,
osmotically sensitive, pleiomorphic
28.What species have a complex cell wall?: Mycobacterial
29.Describe mycobacterial species: -thick, waxy layer of mycolic acids,
with thin peptidoglycan
-have a COMPLEX cell wall
-slow growing from slow nutrient uptake
30.True or False: Mycobacterial species are not able to be gram stained:
True (gram stain can't enter)
31.What stain do we use for mycobacterial species?: Acid-Fast
32.Provide two examples of bacterial SPORE species: bacillus, clostridium
33.Spore type bacteria are usually (gram + or gram -?): gram +
34.When would a vegetative cells undergo sporulatin?: when key nutrients
like C or N are depleted, or the cell is in adverse conditions
35.What is sporulation?: endospore (thick spore coat that contains all
necessary components) formation induced by environmental conditions
36.Describe a spore: dehydrated, highly durable, resistant, dormant
37.What can spores resist? How does this impact us?: they can resist
heat, drought, chemicals and radiation
Impact: need autoclaving at 121ºC to kill
38.What is a capsule? What is it composed of?: extracellular
polysaccharide matrix that can also be composed of proteins and
3/
, AHD Exam 3: Bacteriology
glycoproteins
39.Do capsules gram stain?: No- too densely packed & firmly attached
4/
