CSD 300 Exam 2 Reviiew
1. Vowels: Produced with an open vocal tract.
2. Consonants: Produced by constricting the vocal tract.
3. Place, manner, voicing: What are phonetic (descriptive) features?
4. Obstruents: Stop ’ Hold then release air. Examples: /p/ /d/
5. Fricative: Airstream turbulence. Examples: /f/ /z/
6. Affricate: Stop + fricative. Examples: church, budge
7. Nasal: Air escapes through nose
8. Liquid: Constriction but not friction
9. Glides: Slight constriction. Can also be referred to as semivowels.
10.Voiced: Vocal cords vibrate at the same time air is released.
11.Voiceless: Vocal cords start vibrating later than air release.
12.Phoneme: Distinct speech sounds. Can only be defined in terms of a particular language.
13.Minimal pair: How is it recognized/How to Identify Phonemes?
14.Minimal pair (of words): 2 words that have different meanings AND differ by one sound (i.e.
pat vs. bat). The sounds that differ, or contrast, are phonemes of the language.
15.Allophones: Different phones that do not differentiate meaning in a given lan- guage.
Different "versions" of the same phoneme.
16.Statistical learning: Babies learn about the language they are hearing. Hard to understand
where one word ends and the other begins.
17.Prosodic cues: Adults can discriminate babbling of babies from different lan- guage
communities at around 8 months.
18.High pitch, Variable pitch, Exaggerated stress: What are 3 prosodic charac- teristics of IDS?
19.Protowords: (Transition from babbling to speech) Relatively consistent form and consistent
use give recognizable meaning. More phonological variation than in mature speakers. Blurry line
between babble and words.
20.Segment substitution, cluster reduction, consonant harmony: What are 3 types of
phonological errors?
21.Segment substitution: One segment is substituted for another. car -> "tar"
22.Place: Segment substitution: car -> "tar" / go -> "doh". What feature changed? (place,
manner, or voicing)
23. voicing: Segment substitution: love -> "luff" / pat -> "bat". What feature changed? (place,
manner or voicing)
24.Cluster reduction: Two consonants but child only produces one. Ex: stop -> "top"
25.Consonant harmony: Ex: soup -> boop; cup -> bup
1/
6
, CSD 300 Exam 2 Reviiew
26.Training (behaviorism), Built-in sequence (universalist/biological), Detect- ing regularities (usage-
based/connectionist): What are 3 theoretical approach- es/What might drive phonological
development?
27.Training (behaviorism): Imitation reinforced by successful communication. De- velopment
moves from more frequent sounds to less frequent sounds.
28.Problems with Training theory: Inaccurate productions can be successful. Some frequent
sounds are acquired late. "th" sound in "the" is frequent but late-ac- quired. Phonology is not
just a collection of sounds, but the system that governs them. Unconscious, so not
reinforceable.
29.Built-in sequence: Universalist: All possible phonetic features and phonologi- cal rules are
innately given. Children learn which features and rules are used in their language.
30.Built-in sequence: Biological: Order of acquisition is based on ease of pro- duction. Children
start with sounds that are easier for their immature motor systems to produce. E.g., Child will
make the /b/ sound before the "sh" sound b/c its easier to produce. Languages favor easier
sounds E.g., The most common sounds in the English language is the "schwa" or "uh" sound
(open VT).
31.Detecting regularities: Usage-based: Properties of input are most important. Child creates
phonetic categories and phonological rules based on: Acoustic prop- erties & Regularities of
language (predictable)
32.Detecting regularities: Connectionist: Connections must be formed between features and
phonemes. Some features may not be available until the motor system is ready.
33.Allomorph: The same morpheme—unit of meaning—can sound different de- pending on the
sound of the word it is attached to. Ex: "friends" vs. "cents" (endings sound different, even
though they are spelled the same). Voiceless /t/ is followed by voiceless /s/. Voiced /d/ is
followed by voiced /z/.
34.labiodental: Which of the following is a place of articulation? Nasal,
palatodental, labiodental, voiceless
35.Categorical perception: Adult English speakers can detect a 20 second mil- lisecond change
in voice onset time only if it crosses a phoneme boundary. This is called:
36.fricative: Which of the following is a manner of articulation? Palatal, fricative, bilabial,
voiced
37.Two words that differ by 1 phoneme.: What is a minimal pair? Two words
that differ by 1 phoneme.
Two different phonemes.
Two words that are the same.
2/
6
1. Vowels: Produced with an open vocal tract.
2. Consonants: Produced by constricting the vocal tract.
3. Place, manner, voicing: What are phonetic (descriptive) features?
4. Obstruents: Stop ’ Hold then release air. Examples: /p/ /d/
5. Fricative: Airstream turbulence. Examples: /f/ /z/
6. Affricate: Stop + fricative. Examples: church, budge
7. Nasal: Air escapes through nose
8. Liquid: Constriction but not friction
9. Glides: Slight constriction. Can also be referred to as semivowels.
10.Voiced: Vocal cords vibrate at the same time air is released.
11.Voiceless: Vocal cords start vibrating later than air release.
12.Phoneme: Distinct speech sounds. Can only be defined in terms of a particular language.
13.Minimal pair: How is it recognized/How to Identify Phonemes?
14.Minimal pair (of words): 2 words that have different meanings AND differ by one sound (i.e.
pat vs. bat). The sounds that differ, or contrast, are phonemes of the language.
15.Allophones: Different phones that do not differentiate meaning in a given lan- guage.
Different "versions" of the same phoneme.
16.Statistical learning: Babies learn about the language they are hearing. Hard to understand
where one word ends and the other begins.
17.Prosodic cues: Adults can discriminate babbling of babies from different lan- guage
communities at around 8 months.
18.High pitch, Variable pitch, Exaggerated stress: What are 3 prosodic charac- teristics of IDS?
19.Protowords: (Transition from babbling to speech) Relatively consistent form and consistent
use give recognizable meaning. More phonological variation than in mature speakers. Blurry line
between babble and words.
20.Segment substitution, cluster reduction, consonant harmony: What are 3 types of
phonological errors?
21.Segment substitution: One segment is substituted for another. car -> "tar"
22.Place: Segment substitution: car -> "tar" / go -> "doh". What feature changed? (place,
manner, or voicing)
23. voicing: Segment substitution: love -> "luff" / pat -> "bat". What feature changed? (place,
manner or voicing)
24.Cluster reduction: Two consonants but child only produces one. Ex: stop -> "top"
25.Consonant harmony: Ex: soup -> boop; cup -> bup
1/
6
, CSD 300 Exam 2 Reviiew
26.Training (behaviorism), Built-in sequence (universalist/biological), Detect- ing regularities (usage-
based/connectionist): What are 3 theoretical approach- es/What might drive phonological
development?
27.Training (behaviorism): Imitation reinforced by successful communication. De- velopment
moves from more frequent sounds to less frequent sounds.
28.Problems with Training theory: Inaccurate productions can be successful. Some frequent
sounds are acquired late. "th" sound in "the" is frequent but late-ac- quired. Phonology is not
just a collection of sounds, but the system that governs them. Unconscious, so not
reinforceable.
29.Built-in sequence: Universalist: All possible phonetic features and phonologi- cal rules are
innately given. Children learn which features and rules are used in their language.
30.Built-in sequence: Biological: Order of acquisition is based on ease of pro- duction. Children
start with sounds that are easier for their immature motor systems to produce. E.g., Child will
make the /b/ sound before the "sh" sound b/c its easier to produce. Languages favor easier
sounds E.g., The most common sounds in the English language is the "schwa" or "uh" sound
(open VT).
31.Detecting regularities: Usage-based: Properties of input are most important. Child creates
phonetic categories and phonological rules based on: Acoustic prop- erties & Regularities of
language (predictable)
32.Detecting regularities: Connectionist: Connections must be formed between features and
phonemes. Some features may not be available until the motor system is ready.
33.Allomorph: The same morpheme—unit of meaning—can sound different de- pending on the
sound of the word it is attached to. Ex: "friends" vs. "cents" (endings sound different, even
though they are spelled the same). Voiceless /t/ is followed by voiceless /s/. Voiced /d/ is
followed by voiced /z/.
34.labiodental: Which of the following is a place of articulation? Nasal,
palatodental, labiodental, voiceless
35.Categorical perception: Adult English speakers can detect a 20 second mil- lisecond change
in voice onset time only if it crosses a phoneme boundary. This is called:
36.fricative: Which of the following is a manner of articulation? Palatal, fricative, bilabial,
voiced
37.Two words that differ by 1 phoneme.: What is a minimal pair? Two words
that differ by 1 phoneme.
Two different phonemes.
Two words that are the same.
2/
6
