CSD 444 EXAM 2
1.when to not use thrombotic agents: do not use if there was a marked
elevation of blood pressure from use of certain drugs prior to
the onset of symptoms. current agent used is tissue plasminogan ac-
tivator (tpa). used in acute ischemic stroke when arteries feeding
the brain are occluded. it must be used within 3-4 hours of the onset of
their stroke, tpa cannot be used in cereberal hemoraghe. marked
elevation of blood pressure or use of certain drugs prior to onset
of symptoms may contraindicate/oppose use of ipa. desired effect is
break- down of clots in the artery allowing a return of blood flow to
preserve brain tissue. adverse effects - bleeding in the brain. can make
bleeding in brain better or worse
2.what is a stroke: is a temporary or permanent disturbance of brain
function due to vascular disruptions, caused by either loss of blood
supply or bleeding in the brain. either too much bleeding or not enough
bleeding. disruption of blood supply to the brain.
3.what else has a stroke been called: a stroke has also called been
called "brain attack."
4.stroke occurs in....: stroke occurs in those of every race and every
socio economic status. stroke occurs in men and in women. stroke can
occur in the very young and very old
5.how does rhd effect emotional tone understanding: reduced sensitivity
to it
6.stroke for african americans: risk of having a first stroke is nearly
twice as high for african americans than for whites.
7.stroke for hispanics: hispanics risks for stroke falls between that of
whites and african americans.
8.stroke age: although stroke risk increases with age, strokes can/do
occur at any age.
9.in 2009, of people hospitalized for stroke were younger than 65 years.-
: 34%
10.symptoms of cva (cerebrovascular accident): symptoms are sudden
changes, ex. someone starts talking to you and their speech changes.
-weakness/numbness on one side of the body
- impairment of vision.
- difficulty speaking /understanding.
, CSD 444 EXAM 2
-dizziness or falling
- severe headache, combined with any above symptom
11.ischemic: (a term that means "deprived of blood"). blood flow is
blocked. occlusive stroke. blockage of blood vessels. type of stroke.
12.what percent of strokes are ischemic: 80% - 87%
13.2 stroke types: 1. ischemic
2. hemhoragic
14.what happens in ischemic and what are the types: complete or partial
occlusion of blood supply to brain.
atherosclerosis plaque forms on arterial walls, leads to progressive
narrow- ing of blood vessel leads to a thrombosis (infarction) in the
blood vessel
keeps blood from brain tissue and brain tissue dies (clot) due to lack of
oxygen.
15.hemorrhagic stroke and what it causes: (a term that means "caused
by bleeding"). bleeding in the brain. tearing of blood vessels. arterial
bleed- bleeding into brain tissue causes damage. e.g. uncontrolled high
blood pressure causes weakened arterial walls
16.how many strokes are hemorrhagic: 13%- 20% are hemorrhagic.
17.cell death and how fast: when a stroke occurs, the blood supply is
disrupted, and brain cells are starved of oxygen, causing cell death
in the immediate area.
brain cells don't get oxygen they need & they die. these cells
usually die within minutes to a few hours after being deprived of
oxygen. so you must get medical care asap
18.infarct: area of dead cells
19.thrombotic stroke (cerebral thrombosis) and where happen: type of
is- chemic stroke.
an artery is gradually occluded/stopped by a plug of material that
accumulates at a site in the artery. caused when a blood clot forms in
an artery leading to the brain.
begins in an area of increased turbulence (blood moving faster
so arteries turn), which means that thromboses are likely to occur
, CSD 444 EXAM 2
where arteries change direction or divide (at bends and bifurcations).
debris in the bloodstream tends to accumulate where arteries bend or
divide. in arteries the
, CSD 444 EXAM 2
debris consists mainly of fatty substances (lipids), which accumulate on
the lining of the artery.
20.where do most cerebral thromboses occur: in the large arteries sup-
plying blood to the brain (internal carotids, vertebrals, and the basilar
artery).
21.how does antherosclerotic plaque form and what is it: - accumulations
in thrombotic stroke.
- in arteries the debris/waste consists mainly of fatty substances
(lipids), which accumulate on the lining of the artery.
-over the course of many years, the plaque gradually thickens , until it
may eventually fill the lumen.
- lumen is narrow bc of the build up of plaque and bc of this the blood
has to move with increased velocity because of the increased pressure.
- as the size of the lumen decreases (a condition called stenosis), the
volume of blood flowing through the narrowed portion decreases,
although its velocity increases. when we narrow it, blood moves faster.
22.what happens when velocity increases due to atherosclerotic plaque: -
-sometimes the plaque in the arterial wall cracks due to this increased
velocity.
-blood platelets and fibrin (a proteiterm-22n found in the blood) will
adhere to the crack in the plaque, accelerating clot development..
- the clot may eventually block or occlude the artery, or parts of the clot
may break off and become emboli traveling through the vascular
system.
- the clots eventually occlude/block smaller vessels downstream from
the original site of the clot
23.atherosclerosis, and what happens when it occurs: too much choles-
terol build up and becomes so narrow that blood can't come through a
blood clot can build and can block the artery.
the most common problem is narrowing of the arteries in the neck or
head. if the arteries become too narrow, blood cells may col-
1.when to not use thrombotic agents: do not use if there was a marked
elevation of blood pressure from use of certain drugs prior to
the onset of symptoms. current agent used is tissue plasminogan ac-
tivator (tpa). used in acute ischemic stroke when arteries feeding
the brain are occluded. it must be used within 3-4 hours of the onset of
their stroke, tpa cannot be used in cereberal hemoraghe. marked
elevation of blood pressure or use of certain drugs prior to onset
of symptoms may contraindicate/oppose use of ipa. desired effect is
break- down of clots in the artery allowing a return of blood flow to
preserve brain tissue. adverse effects - bleeding in the brain. can make
bleeding in brain better or worse
2.what is a stroke: is a temporary or permanent disturbance of brain
function due to vascular disruptions, caused by either loss of blood
supply or bleeding in the brain. either too much bleeding or not enough
bleeding. disruption of blood supply to the brain.
3.what else has a stroke been called: a stroke has also called been
called "brain attack."
4.stroke occurs in....: stroke occurs in those of every race and every
socio economic status. stroke occurs in men and in women. stroke can
occur in the very young and very old
5.how does rhd effect emotional tone understanding: reduced sensitivity
to it
6.stroke for african americans: risk of having a first stroke is nearly
twice as high for african americans than for whites.
7.stroke for hispanics: hispanics risks for stroke falls between that of
whites and african americans.
8.stroke age: although stroke risk increases with age, strokes can/do
occur at any age.
9.in 2009, of people hospitalized for stroke were younger than 65 years.-
: 34%
10.symptoms of cva (cerebrovascular accident): symptoms are sudden
changes, ex. someone starts talking to you and their speech changes.
-weakness/numbness on one side of the body
- impairment of vision.
- difficulty speaking /understanding.
, CSD 444 EXAM 2
-dizziness or falling
- severe headache, combined with any above symptom
11.ischemic: (a term that means "deprived of blood"). blood flow is
blocked. occlusive stroke. blockage of blood vessels. type of stroke.
12.what percent of strokes are ischemic: 80% - 87%
13.2 stroke types: 1. ischemic
2. hemhoragic
14.what happens in ischemic and what are the types: complete or partial
occlusion of blood supply to brain.
atherosclerosis plaque forms on arterial walls, leads to progressive
narrow- ing of blood vessel leads to a thrombosis (infarction) in the
blood vessel
keeps blood from brain tissue and brain tissue dies (clot) due to lack of
oxygen.
15.hemorrhagic stroke and what it causes: (a term that means "caused
by bleeding"). bleeding in the brain. tearing of blood vessels. arterial
bleed- bleeding into brain tissue causes damage. e.g. uncontrolled high
blood pressure causes weakened arterial walls
16.how many strokes are hemorrhagic: 13%- 20% are hemorrhagic.
17.cell death and how fast: when a stroke occurs, the blood supply is
disrupted, and brain cells are starved of oxygen, causing cell death
in the immediate area.
brain cells don't get oxygen they need & they die. these cells
usually die within minutes to a few hours after being deprived of
oxygen. so you must get medical care asap
18.infarct: area of dead cells
19.thrombotic stroke (cerebral thrombosis) and where happen: type of
is- chemic stroke.
an artery is gradually occluded/stopped by a plug of material that
accumulates at a site in the artery. caused when a blood clot forms in
an artery leading to the brain.
begins in an area of increased turbulence (blood moving faster
so arteries turn), which means that thromboses are likely to occur
, CSD 444 EXAM 2
where arteries change direction or divide (at bends and bifurcations).
debris in the bloodstream tends to accumulate where arteries bend or
divide. in arteries the
, CSD 444 EXAM 2
debris consists mainly of fatty substances (lipids), which accumulate on
the lining of the artery.
20.where do most cerebral thromboses occur: in the large arteries sup-
plying blood to the brain (internal carotids, vertebrals, and the basilar
artery).
21.how does antherosclerotic plaque form and what is it: - accumulations
in thrombotic stroke.
- in arteries the debris/waste consists mainly of fatty substances
(lipids), which accumulate on the lining of the artery.
-over the course of many years, the plaque gradually thickens , until it
may eventually fill the lumen.
- lumen is narrow bc of the build up of plaque and bc of this the blood
has to move with increased velocity because of the increased pressure.
- as the size of the lumen decreases (a condition called stenosis), the
volume of blood flowing through the narrowed portion decreases,
although its velocity increases. when we narrow it, blood moves faster.
22.what happens when velocity increases due to atherosclerotic plaque: -
-sometimes the plaque in the arterial wall cracks due to this increased
velocity.
-blood platelets and fibrin (a proteiterm-22n found in the blood) will
adhere to the crack in the plaque, accelerating clot development..
- the clot may eventually block or occlude the artery, or parts of the clot
may break off and become emboli traveling through the vascular
system.
- the clots eventually occlude/block smaller vessels downstream from
the original site of the clot
23.atherosclerosis, and what happens when it occurs: too much choles-
terol build up and becomes so narrow that blood can't come through a
blood clot can build and can block the artery.
the most common problem is narrowing of the arteries in the neck or
head. if the arteries become too narrow, blood cells may col-
