UNIT-III: INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT: Management - Meaning - Characteristics
- Functions of Management - Levels of Management – Skills of Management- Scientific Management - Meaning -
Definition - Objectives - Criticism – Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Define the following.
i. Management:
Management can be defined as the process of achieving organizational goals through planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling the human, physical, financial, and information resources of the
organization in an effective and efficient manner.
There are some definitions which are widely acceptable to convey the meaning of the
management.
“To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to co-ordinate and to control”
__Henry Fayol
“Management is the co-ordination of all resources through the process of planning, organising,
directing and controlling in order to attain stated goals” -Henry L. Sisk
ii. Administration:
Administration is a wider term than management, it is the top management function which deals
with the formulation of corporate policies and co-ordination of all the functional areas like finance,
production, Distribution, settlement of issues and controlling the executives. The word
“Administration” is mostly used in relation to Government, Military, Educational and Religious
organisations. The people who set objectives and takes decisions are known as Managers in business
under takings, but in public sector they are known as ‘Administrators’ In other words Administration is
considered as higher-level management groups who formulate and implement major aims and policies.
iii. Scientific management:
Scientific management refers to “that kind of management which conducts a business by
standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation experiment or
reasoning”. The main focus of scientific management is on activities like planning, standardising and
improving employees work at operational level to produce maximum output with less input.
F.W. Taylor is the first person who had applied scientific methods to solve management
problems. His also known as “The father of scientific management”.
iv. Time study & motion study:
F.W. Taylor proposed this time study & motion study concept, it deals with the measurement
of an optimum time for completing a standard job.
Motion study deals with the study of movement of workers, material and machines during the
process of production. This concept is aimed to study about the reduction of unnecessary movement of
men, material and machine for optimising the factors of production.
v. Esprit de Corps:
'ESPIRIT DE CORPS' here means team spirit and team work. This principle emphasizes on
team work. 'UNITY IS STRENGTH' is the essence of this principle. Fayol suggested that there should
be a team spirit in the organisation and all the employees must consider themselves as member of the
organisation. Management must ensure an environment of formality and understanding among
employees where in everybody helps in close spirit of team.
vi. Scalar chain:
Scalar chain refers to that chain of command which explain the line of authority from the top-
level management to the lower level. It discourages level jumping unless it is particularly needed in the
interest of the corporate objectives. Hence, any flow of communication must happen through the
established chain of command. there should be no overlapping of steps during the communication
process.
vii. Management as a process:
Management is the process by which mangers create direct maintain and operate purposive
organisation through the systematic, coordinated and cooperative human effort. In other word
, management is viewed as a process as it consists of a series of interrelated activities that need to be
systematically performed in an orderly manner as per a predefined sequence.
2. What is mental revolution?
Ans: it is one of the techniques of scientific management this technique aims the following three objectives
i) There should be attitude change among workers and management
ii) There should be cooperation between workers and management.
iii) Workers and management should avoid suspecting each other.
3. Define Motion Study?
Ans: Motion study is one of the techniques of scientific management. It is conducted to observe and decide the
following.
i) To determine the movement of workers while on job.
ii) To determine the productive and unproductive movements of workers.
iii) To cut down unproductive movements.
iv) To design tools and equipments in order to minimize unproductive movements of workers.
4. Unity of command V/s Unity of Direction?
Ans:
Principles of Unity of command Principles of Unity of Direction
i) This principle insists on one boss on one i) There is an emphasis on one unit an one
subordinate. plan.
ii) This principle is concerned with the ii) This principle is related to the activities.
functioning of people. iii) The emphasis is on directing the efforts
iii) The emphasis is on one command and fixing of one department for helping in
of responsibilities. achieving its goals.
iv) It helps in improving efficiency by deciding iv) The effort is to achieve coordination
hierarchy among different people.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Define management, explain the main characteristics of management?
Ans: Management is the art of getting things done through people in formally well-organized groups
Harold koontz
“Management is the art of getting things done through others” - Mary Parker fallett.
be there management is the process by which a cooperative group directs actions of others towards common
goals - Marrie and Douglas
According to Henry Fayol to manage is to forecast to plan to organize to command to coordinate and to control
Characteristics or features Of Management:
The following are some of the characteristics are features off management
1) Organized activities
Management is a process of organized activities where a group of people are involved in working
towards the accomplishment of common objective the organized activities may take a variety of forms
ranging from a tightly structured organization to your very loosely structured organization
2) Existence of objectives
Objective or set of objectives should exist in the organization towards the organized group activities are
directed the existence of objectives helps organizations in achieving their planned goals the objectives are
agreed upon by the members of the group or organization. The achievement of objectives is possible only
through coordinated efforts of the people constituting the organization
3) Relationship among resources
Organize activities are meant to achieve common goals which are brought about to establish certain
relationships Among the available resources. resources include money, machines, material and men they
essence of management is an integration of various organizational resources. Thus, management is
concerned with the proper utilization of human resources which in turn utilize other resources
4) Working with and through people
- Functions of Management - Levels of Management – Skills of Management- Scientific Management - Meaning -
Definition - Objectives - Criticism – Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Define the following.
i. Management:
Management can be defined as the process of achieving organizational goals through planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling the human, physical, financial, and information resources of the
organization in an effective and efficient manner.
There are some definitions which are widely acceptable to convey the meaning of the
management.
“To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to co-ordinate and to control”
__Henry Fayol
“Management is the co-ordination of all resources through the process of planning, organising,
directing and controlling in order to attain stated goals” -Henry L. Sisk
ii. Administration:
Administration is a wider term than management, it is the top management function which deals
with the formulation of corporate policies and co-ordination of all the functional areas like finance,
production, Distribution, settlement of issues and controlling the executives. The word
“Administration” is mostly used in relation to Government, Military, Educational and Religious
organisations. The people who set objectives and takes decisions are known as Managers in business
under takings, but in public sector they are known as ‘Administrators’ In other words Administration is
considered as higher-level management groups who formulate and implement major aims and policies.
iii. Scientific management:
Scientific management refers to “that kind of management which conducts a business by
standards established by facts or truths gained through systematic observation experiment or
reasoning”. The main focus of scientific management is on activities like planning, standardising and
improving employees work at operational level to produce maximum output with less input.
F.W. Taylor is the first person who had applied scientific methods to solve management
problems. His also known as “The father of scientific management”.
iv. Time study & motion study:
F.W. Taylor proposed this time study & motion study concept, it deals with the measurement
of an optimum time for completing a standard job.
Motion study deals with the study of movement of workers, material and machines during the
process of production. This concept is aimed to study about the reduction of unnecessary movement of
men, material and machine for optimising the factors of production.
v. Esprit de Corps:
'ESPIRIT DE CORPS' here means team spirit and team work. This principle emphasizes on
team work. 'UNITY IS STRENGTH' is the essence of this principle. Fayol suggested that there should
be a team spirit in the organisation and all the employees must consider themselves as member of the
organisation. Management must ensure an environment of formality and understanding among
employees where in everybody helps in close spirit of team.
vi. Scalar chain:
Scalar chain refers to that chain of command which explain the line of authority from the top-
level management to the lower level. It discourages level jumping unless it is particularly needed in the
interest of the corporate objectives. Hence, any flow of communication must happen through the
established chain of command. there should be no overlapping of steps during the communication
process.
vii. Management as a process:
Management is the process by which mangers create direct maintain and operate purposive
organisation through the systematic, coordinated and cooperative human effort. In other word
, management is viewed as a process as it consists of a series of interrelated activities that need to be
systematically performed in an orderly manner as per a predefined sequence.
2. What is mental revolution?
Ans: it is one of the techniques of scientific management this technique aims the following three objectives
i) There should be attitude change among workers and management
ii) There should be cooperation between workers and management.
iii) Workers and management should avoid suspecting each other.
3. Define Motion Study?
Ans: Motion study is one of the techniques of scientific management. It is conducted to observe and decide the
following.
i) To determine the movement of workers while on job.
ii) To determine the productive and unproductive movements of workers.
iii) To cut down unproductive movements.
iv) To design tools and equipments in order to minimize unproductive movements of workers.
4. Unity of command V/s Unity of Direction?
Ans:
Principles of Unity of command Principles of Unity of Direction
i) This principle insists on one boss on one i) There is an emphasis on one unit an one
subordinate. plan.
ii) This principle is concerned with the ii) This principle is related to the activities.
functioning of people. iii) The emphasis is on directing the efforts
iii) The emphasis is on one command and fixing of one department for helping in
of responsibilities. achieving its goals.
iv) It helps in improving efficiency by deciding iv) The effort is to achieve coordination
hierarchy among different people.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Define management, explain the main characteristics of management?
Ans: Management is the art of getting things done through people in formally well-organized groups
Harold koontz
“Management is the art of getting things done through others” - Mary Parker fallett.
be there management is the process by which a cooperative group directs actions of others towards common
goals - Marrie and Douglas
According to Henry Fayol to manage is to forecast to plan to organize to command to coordinate and to control
Characteristics or features Of Management:
The following are some of the characteristics are features off management
1) Organized activities
Management is a process of organized activities where a group of people are involved in working
towards the accomplishment of common objective the organized activities may take a variety of forms
ranging from a tightly structured organization to your very loosely structured organization
2) Existence of objectives
Objective or set of objectives should exist in the organization towards the organized group activities are
directed the existence of objectives helps organizations in achieving their planned goals the objectives are
agreed upon by the members of the group or organization. The achievement of objectives is possible only
through coordinated efforts of the people constituting the organization
3) Relationship among resources
Organize activities are meant to achieve common goals which are brought about to establish certain
relationships Among the available resources. resources include money, machines, material and men they
essence of management is an integration of various organizational resources. Thus, management is
concerned with the proper utilization of human resources which in turn utilize other resources
4) Working with and through people
