1
NURS
NURS618/ NURS 618 E XAM 1 (NEW 2024/ 2025
UPDATE) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE | QS & AS | 100%
CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) LOUISIANA
What is up-regulation? - ANS ✓Increase in the number of receptors on a target
cell due to low levels of ligand.
Cell is hypersensitized to the receptor agonist.
What is down-regulation? - ANS ✓Decrease in the number of receptors on a
target cell.
Cell is desensitized to the receptor agonist.
As the number of receptors decrease, larger doses of drug are needed to
achieve the same effect.
What is an ionophore? - ANS ✓ligand-gated ion channels formed by 5 protein
subunits that span the entire cellular membrane when active. Allow passage of
specific ions. May be open or closed initially. Some are specific to NT such as ACh,
Gly, GABA, Serotonin, and glutamic acid.
NURS618/ NUR
, 2
NURS
What is a metabophore? - ANS ✓Transmembrane receptors composed of an
external binding site and internal enzymatic component. Directly links enzymatic
function to the ligand interaction.
Ex: GTP --> cGMP
What is a GPCR? - ANS ✓The most common transmembrane receptor which
intiates a series of changes that may eventually lead to control of a specific
enzyme.
7 transmembrane loops.
Ex: phospholipase C, adenylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase
What is an intracellular receptor? - ANS ✓a receptor in the cell or nuclear
membrane that is controlled by the concentration of their products or reactants
acting on the enzymes responsible for the reaction.
Ex: steroid receptors --> dimer --> gene transcription/protein synthesis
Describe transporter molecules. - ANS ✓Passive or active molecules which
move from one size of a membrane to another.
NURS618/ NUR
, 3
NURS
Ex: SSRI like fluoxetine
What is the proposed mechanisms of general anaesthesia? - ANS ✓increase
inhibitory signals or decreasing excitatory signals in the brain/spinal cord via
GABAa ionophoric complexes allowing chloride ions into the cell producing a
negative charge and hyper-polarizing the cell thus making it more resistant to
depolarization.
What is pharmacokinetics - ANS ✓the effect of the body on the drug
What are some considerations of oral drugs? - ANS ✓for drugs that need to be
administered frequently or over extended periods of time. Absorbed in the small
intestine.
What are some considerations of topical drugs? - ANS ✓Treat local disorders.
Also applied to mucosa. Absorption is limited. Some transdermal drugs penetrate
into systemic circulation.
What are some considerations of inhalational drugs? - ANS ✓aerosols are
particles that are too large to penetrate to the alveoli and are used for localized
therapy of the airway and bronchial tissue.
NURS618/ NUR
NURS
NURS618/ NURS 618 E XAM 1 (NEW 2024/ 2025
UPDATE) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE | QS & AS | 100%
CORRECT (VERIFIED ANSWERS) LOUISIANA
What is up-regulation? - ANS ✓Increase in the number of receptors on a target
cell due to low levels of ligand.
Cell is hypersensitized to the receptor agonist.
What is down-regulation? - ANS ✓Decrease in the number of receptors on a
target cell.
Cell is desensitized to the receptor agonist.
As the number of receptors decrease, larger doses of drug are needed to
achieve the same effect.
What is an ionophore? - ANS ✓ligand-gated ion channels formed by 5 protein
subunits that span the entire cellular membrane when active. Allow passage of
specific ions. May be open or closed initially. Some are specific to NT such as ACh,
Gly, GABA, Serotonin, and glutamic acid.
NURS618/ NUR
, 2
NURS
What is a metabophore? - ANS ✓Transmembrane receptors composed of an
external binding site and internal enzymatic component. Directly links enzymatic
function to the ligand interaction.
Ex: GTP --> cGMP
What is a GPCR? - ANS ✓The most common transmembrane receptor which
intiates a series of changes that may eventually lead to control of a specific
enzyme.
7 transmembrane loops.
Ex: phospholipase C, adenylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase
What is an intracellular receptor? - ANS ✓a receptor in the cell or nuclear
membrane that is controlled by the concentration of their products or reactants
acting on the enzymes responsible for the reaction.
Ex: steroid receptors --> dimer --> gene transcription/protein synthesis
Describe transporter molecules. - ANS ✓Passive or active molecules which
move from one size of a membrane to another.
NURS618/ NUR
, 3
NURS
Ex: SSRI like fluoxetine
What is the proposed mechanisms of general anaesthesia? - ANS ✓increase
inhibitory signals or decreasing excitatory signals in the brain/spinal cord via
GABAa ionophoric complexes allowing chloride ions into the cell producing a
negative charge and hyper-polarizing the cell thus making it more resistant to
depolarization.
What is pharmacokinetics - ANS ✓the effect of the body on the drug
What are some considerations of oral drugs? - ANS ✓for drugs that need to be
administered frequently or over extended periods of time. Absorbed in the small
intestine.
What are some considerations of topical drugs? - ANS ✓Treat local disorders.
Also applied to mucosa. Absorption is limited. Some transdermal drugs penetrate
into systemic circulation.
What are some considerations of inhalational drugs? - ANS ✓aerosols are
particles that are too large to penetrate to the alveoli and are used for localized
therapy of the airway and bronchial tissue.
NURS618/ NUR
