ASU BIO 340 Exam 1/ 188 Qs with Definitive
Solution/ 2024-2025.
selective breeding (artificial selection) - Answer: the process of developing organisms with
specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Answer: Amateur botanist who published an explanation of
hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly
referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - Answer: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - Answer: an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928
which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain
can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Page 1 of 22
,Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - Answer: biological researchers who identified DNA as the
likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - Answer: concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage
was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - Answer: Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and
T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - Answer: British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary
information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
genome - Answer: the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
vertical transmission - Answer: gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
horizontal transmission - Answer: gene transmission from parents to their offspring through
reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - Answer: the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - Answer: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - Answer: a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
hereditary material - Answer: the information which is passed from one cellular generation to
the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Page 2 of 22
, Pauling and Corey (1951) - Answer: biological researchers who provided the basis for research
on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - Answer: the two scientists who discovered the structure and shape
of DNA
nucleotide - Answer: a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently
bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
genes - Answer: DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
chromosomes - Answer: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus
of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
nucleoid - Answer: a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
diploid - Answer: containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)
haploid - Answer: an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n)
gametes - Answer: human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - Answer: matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism
Chargaff's Rule - Answer: A=T and C=G
locus - Answer: position of a gene on a chromosome
Page 3 of 22
Solution/ 2024-2025.
selective breeding (artificial selection) - Answer: the process of developing organisms with
specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Answer: Amateur botanist who published an explanation of
hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly
referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - Answer: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - Answer: an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928
which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain
can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Page 1 of 22
,Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - Answer: biological researchers who identified DNA as the
likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - Answer: concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage
was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - Answer: Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and
T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - Answer: British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary
information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
genome - Answer: the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
vertical transmission - Answer: gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
horizontal transmission - Answer: gene transmission from parents to their offspring through
reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - Answer: the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - Answer: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - Answer: a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
hereditary material - Answer: the information which is passed from one cellular generation to
the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Page 2 of 22
, Pauling and Corey (1951) - Answer: biological researchers who provided the basis for research
on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - Answer: the two scientists who discovered the structure and shape
of DNA
nucleotide - Answer: a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently
bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
genes - Answer: DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
chromosomes - Answer: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus
of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
nucleoid - Answer: a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
diploid - Answer: containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)
haploid - Answer: an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n)
gametes - Answer: human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - Answer: matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism
Chargaff's Rule - Answer: A=T and C=G
locus - Answer: position of a gene on a chromosome
Page 3 of 22
