VT102 Pharmacology | Questions and Answers
1. Sulfasalazine is sometimes used to treat which chronic condition?: colitis
2. What can cause severe gastritis and should be used with extreme caution when inducing
vomiting?: hydrogen peroxide
3. reversal of dexmedetomidine: atipamezole (antisedan)
4. Chronic use of prednisone can cause an iatrogenic form of what condition?-
: cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
5. A 2-month old male mixed-breed puppy is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. Why should a
different antibiotic be chosen over enrofloxacin?: En- rofloxacin causes cartilage abnormalities in
growing puppies
6. You are about to sedate a dog, and the veterinarian would like to use a drug which is reversible.
What is an option?: Hydromorphone
Midazolam Medetomidine
Diazepam
7. What quantity of drug is found in 200 mLs of a 10% solution?: 20,000 mg or
20 grams
8. what medication requires special handling because it can cause aplastic anemia in humans?:
Chloramphenicol
9. chocolate contains the highest concentration of theobromine?: Unsweet- ened baking
chocolate
10.Which medication may help in a case of acute glaucoma?: Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic
that will help to decrease intraocular pressure.
11.Which of the following drugs should not be given to any food animal (intended for human
consumption)?: Chloramphenicol
12.Which drug should not be used in Greyhounds?: thiopental
13.An 11-year old female spayed dog is diagnosed with a bladder tumor. What medication is
sometimes prescriped specifically to alleviate symptoms from bladder tumors in dogs?: piroxicam
14.Which toxicity is a common concern in cattle?: Salt toxicity: caused by consumption of
excessive salt and lack of adequate amounts of water
Lead toxicity: associated with seeding and harvesting activities when used oil and battery
disposal from machinery is handled improperly.
Aspergillus toxicosis: caused by moldy feed.
15.A 1200-gram bird needs to receive an injection of an antibiotic. The antibi- otic dose to be
administered is 15 mg/kg. It comes in a 10 mg/ml solution. How many milliliters does this bird need?:
1200 g/ (1000 g/kg) = 1.2 kg
, VT102 Pharmacology | Questions and Answers
1.2 kg x (15 mg/kg) = 18 mg 18
mg / (10mg/ml) = 1.8 ml
16.A dog or cat with a hypomotile intestinal tract might most benefit from which of the following
medications?: Metoclopramide (Reglan) is used in cases of hypomotility due to its prokinetic
properties.
17.Which of the following drugs is a sedative, analgesic, and also provides muscle relaxation?:
Xylazine is a clonidine analogue and is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. It is used for sedation,
anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals (mainly horses). It can be reversed with
yohimbine. It may also be used to induce emesis in cats.
18.Which medication is typically given through a filter?: Mannitol forms crystals in solution. An in-
line 5 micron IV filter or filter needle is recommended.
19.Which of the following drugs is NOT approved for the use in cattle?: xy- lazine
20.1/4 grain every 12 hours. How many milligrams is in 1/4 grain?: 1 grain is equal to 64.8 mg.
Therefore, 1/4 of 64.8 mg is equal to 16.2 mg.
21.If you have 25% mannitol and you wish to give 500 mg per kg to a 15 kg dog, how much should
you give?: The correct answer is 30 mls. 25% corresponds to 250 mg/ml strength. At a dose of
500 mg/kg, the total dose for a 15 kg dog should be 7,500 mg, which divided by 250 mg/ml
equals 30 mls.
22.What medication has been FDA approved for motion sickness in dogs?: -
cerenia
23.Which of the following is an expected side effect of atropine?: Cause inhibition of
excessive salivation
24.A drug that is a cholinergic agent will have which of the following effects?-
: Slow the heart rate
25.what medication is known to cause perivascular tissue sloughing if given out of the vein?:
Phenylbutazone
26.What is the etiology of Clostridium botulinum, the toxin that causes botu- lism in cattle?:
ingestion
C. botulinum is found in decomposing plants and animals, and toxins are produced in the
decaying material. The most common source of the toxin for cattle is feed contaminated by
carcasses of mice and birds.
27.What medication is used to treat coccidia?: Sulfadimethoxine
28.In cattle, black leg is caused by which of the following clostridium species?: C.
chauvoei
, VT102 Pharmacology | Questions and Answers
29.What are the antagonist of these sedative/anesthetic drugs? Diazepam
Xylazine Medetomidine
Hydromorphone: For diazepam: flumazenil For
hydromorphone: naloxone or naltrexone For
medetomidine: atipamezole
For xylazine: yohimbine
30.What will typically be caused by tetanus in the horse?: Respiratory arrest Convulsions
Muscular rigidity
Inability to chew or swallow
31.Which medication should never be administered to a turtle?: ivermectin can cause depression,
paralysis, coma, or death in chelonians (turtles, tortoises, etc.)
32.Which drug can be given as a tablet into the conjunctival sac in the eye to induce vomiting?:
apomorphine
33.Patients that have received prednisone chronically need to be tapered off slowly to avoid .....?:
Signs of hypoadrenocorticism (addison's disease)
34.Which of the following drugs would be the most likely to cause a nephro- toxicity (kidneys)?:
gentamicin
35.Activated charcoal would be used for which of the following?: Snail bait ingestion
36.A 20-kg patient is currently receiving 52 ml/hr of Lactated Ringer's So- lution. The clinician has
requested that 2 mg/kg/day of metoclopramide be added to the bag. Metoclopramide is available as
a 5 mg/ml solution. How many milliliters do you need to add to a 1 liter bag?: A 20-kg patient will
need 40 mg/day of metoclopramide (20 kg x 2 mg/kg/day)
Since the fluid is being administered at an hourly rate, we need to figure out how much
metoclopramide we are administering per hour.
40 mg/day / (24 hr) = 1.7 mg/hr
To determine how much volume of metoclopramide is needed, the following math is performed:
1.7 mg/hr / (52 ml/hr) x (1000 ml)= 32.6 mg (Notice how the units cancel out.)
32.6 mg / (5 mg/ml) = 6.5 ml
1. Sulfasalazine is sometimes used to treat which chronic condition?: colitis
2. What can cause severe gastritis and should be used with extreme caution when inducing
vomiting?: hydrogen peroxide
3. reversal of dexmedetomidine: atipamezole (antisedan)
4. Chronic use of prednisone can cause an iatrogenic form of what condition?-
: cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
5. A 2-month old male mixed-breed puppy is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. Why should a
different antibiotic be chosen over enrofloxacin?: En- rofloxacin causes cartilage abnormalities in
growing puppies
6. You are about to sedate a dog, and the veterinarian would like to use a drug which is reversible.
What is an option?: Hydromorphone
Midazolam Medetomidine
Diazepam
7. What quantity of drug is found in 200 mLs of a 10% solution?: 20,000 mg or
20 grams
8. what medication requires special handling because it can cause aplastic anemia in humans?:
Chloramphenicol
9. chocolate contains the highest concentration of theobromine?: Unsweet- ened baking
chocolate
10.Which medication may help in a case of acute glaucoma?: Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic
that will help to decrease intraocular pressure.
11.Which of the following drugs should not be given to any food animal (intended for human
consumption)?: Chloramphenicol
12.Which drug should not be used in Greyhounds?: thiopental
13.An 11-year old female spayed dog is diagnosed with a bladder tumor. What medication is
sometimes prescriped specifically to alleviate symptoms from bladder tumors in dogs?: piroxicam
14.Which toxicity is a common concern in cattle?: Salt toxicity: caused by consumption of
excessive salt and lack of adequate amounts of water
Lead toxicity: associated with seeding and harvesting activities when used oil and battery
disposal from machinery is handled improperly.
Aspergillus toxicosis: caused by moldy feed.
15.A 1200-gram bird needs to receive an injection of an antibiotic. The antibi- otic dose to be
administered is 15 mg/kg. It comes in a 10 mg/ml solution. How many milliliters does this bird need?:
1200 g/ (1000 g/kg) = 1.2 kg
, VT102 Pharmacology | Questions and Answers
1.2 kg x (15 mg/kg) = 18 mg 18
mg / (10mg/ml) = 1.8 ml
16.A dog or cat with a hypomotile intestinal tract might most benefit from which of the following
medications?: Metoclopramide (Reglan) is used in cases of hypomotility due to its prokinetic
properties.
17.Which of the following drugs is a sedative, analgesic, and also provides muscle relaxation?:
Xylazine is a clonidine analogue and is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. It is used for sedation,
anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals (mainly horses). It can be reversed with
yohimbine. It may also be used to induce emesis in cats.
18.Which medication is typically given through a filter?: Mannitol forms crystals in solution. An in-
line 5 micron IV filter or filter needle is recommended.
19.Which of the following drugs is NOT approved for the use in cattle?: xy- lazine
20.1/4 grain every 12 hours. How many milligrams is in 1/4 grain?: 1 grain is equal to 64.8 mg.
Therefore, 1/4 of 64.8 mg is equal to 16.2 mg.
21.If you have 25% mannitol and you wish to give 500 mg per kg to a 15 kg dog, how much should
you give?: The correct answer is 30 mls. 25% corresponds to 250 mg/ml strength. At a dose of
500 mg/kg, the total dose for a 15 kg dog should be 7,500 mg, which divided by 250 mg/ml
equals 30 mls.
22.What medication has been FDA approved for motion sickness in dogs?: -
cerenia
23.Which of the following is an expected side effect of atropine?: Cause inhibition of
excessive salivation
24.A drug that is a cholinergic agent will have which of the following effects?-
: Slow the heart rate
25.what medication is known to cause perivascular tissue sloughing if given out of the vein?:
Phenylbutazone
26.What is the etiology of Clostridium botulinum, the toxin that causes botu- lism in cattle?:
ingestion
C. botulinum is found in decomposing plants and animals, and toxins are produced in the
decaying material. The most common source of the toxin for cattle is feed contaminated by
carcasses of mice and birds.
27.What medication is used to treat coccidia?: Sulfadimethoxine
28.In cattle, black leg is caused by which of the following clostridium species?: C.
chauvoei
, VT102 Pharmacology | Questions and Answers
29.What are the antagonist of these sedative/anesthetic drugs? Diazepam
Xylazine Medetomidine
Hydromorphone: For diazepam: flumazenil For
hydromorphone: naloxone or naltrexone For
medetomidine: atipamezole
For xylazine: yohimbine
30.What will typically be caused by tetanus in the horse?: Respiratory arrest Convulsions
Muscular rigidity
Inability to chew or swallow
31.Which medication should never be administered to a turtle?: ivermectin can cause depression,
paralysis, coma, or death in chelonians (turtles, tortoises, etc.)
32.Which drug can be given as a tablet into the conjunctival sac in the eye to induce vomiting?:
apomorphine
33.Patients that have received prednisone chronically need to be tapered off slowly to avoid .....?:
Signs of hypoadrenocorticism (addison's disease)
34.Which of the following drugs would be the most likely to cause a nephro- toxicity (kidneys)?:
gentamicin
35.Activated charcoal would be used for which of the following?: Snail bait ingestion
36.A 20-kg patient is currently receiving 52 ml/hr of Lactated Ringer's So- lution. The clinician has
requested that 2 mg/kg/day of metoclopramide be added to the bag. Metoclopramide is available as
a 5 mg/ml solution. How many milliliters do you need to add to a 1 liter bag?: A 20-kg patient will
need 40 mg/day of metoclopramide (20 kg x 2 mg/kg/day)
Since the fluid is being administered at an hourly rate, we need to figure out how much
metoclopramide we are administering per hour.
40 mg/day / (24 hr) = 1.7 mg/hr
To determine how much volume of metoclopramide is needed, the following math is performed:
1.7 mg/hr / (52 ml/hr) x (1000 ml)= 32.6 mg (Notice how the units cancel out.)
32.6 mg / (5 mg/ml) = 6.5 ml
