www.konkur.in
,www.konkur.in
YOU’VE JUST PURCHASED
MORE THAN
b b
b
A TEXTBOOK!
b
Evolveb Studentb Resourcesb forb Powers:bDentalbMaterials:
Foundationsb andb Applications,b 11thb Edition,
includebthebfollowing:
• Instructionalb Videos
• Self-AssessmentbPracticebQuizzes
• CasebStudies
Activateb theb completeb learningb experienceb thatb comesb withb eachbtext
bookbpurchasebbybregisteringbat
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Powers/dentalmaterials/
REGISTER TODAY! b
Youb canb nowb purchaseb Elsevierb productsb onb Evolve!
Gobtobevolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.htmlbtobsearchbandbbrowsebforbproducts.
,www.konkur.in
Dental Ⓧ
11
Materials
FOUNDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS b b
JOHN M. POWERS, PhD
b b b
SeniorbVicebPresidentbandbSeniorbEditor,bThebDentalbAdvisor,b
Dentalb Consultants,b Inc.,b Annb Arbor,b Michigan
ClinicalbProfessorbofbOralbBiomaterials,
DepartmentbofbRestorativebDentistrybandbBiomaterials,b
UniversitybofbTexasbSchoolbofbDentistrybatbHouston,b
Houston,b Texas
JOHN C. WATAHA, DMD, PhD
b b b b
ProfessorbofbDentistry,bDepartmentbofbRestorativebDentistry,b
Schoolbofb Dentistry,b UniversitybofbWashington,
Seattle,b Washington
Contributingb Editor
YEN-WEI CHEN, DDS, MSD
b b b
Assistantb Professor
DepartmentbofbRestorativebDentistryb
Schoolbofb Dentistry
UniversitybofbWashingtonb
Seattle,bWashington
, www.konkur.in
3251bRiverportbLane
St.bLouis,bMissourib63043
DENTALb MATERIALS:b FOUNDATIONSb ANDb APPLICATIONS,b ELEVENTHb EDITIO
N ISBN:b 978-0-323-31637-8
Copyrightb ©b 2017,b Elsevierb Inc.b Allb rightsb reserved.
Previousb editionsb copyrighted:b 2013,b 2008,b 2004,b 2000,b 1996,b 1992,b 1987,b 1983,b 1979,b 1975.
Nob partbofb thisb publicationb maybbeb reproducedb orb transmittedbinb anyb formb orb byb anyb means,belectronicb orb mechani
cal,bincludingbphotocopying,brecording,borbanybinformationbstoragebandbretrievalbsystem,bwithoutbpermissionbinbwriti
ngbfrombthebpublisher.bDetailsbonbhowbtobseekbpermission,bfurtherbinformationbaboutbthebPublisher’sbpermissionsbpol
iciesbandbourbarrangementsbwithborganizationsbsuchbasbthebCopyrightbClearancebCenterbandbthebCopyrightb Licensing
bAgency,bcanbbeb foundbatb ourbwebsite:b www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbbookbandbthebindividualbcontributionsbcontainedbinbitbarebprotectedbunderbcopyrightbbybthebPublisherb(otherbthan
basbmayb bebnotedb herein).
Notices
Knowledgeb andb bestb practiceb inb thisb fieldb areb constantlyb changing.b Asb newb researchb andb experienceb broad
enbourbunderstanding,bchangesbinbresearchbmethods,bprofessionalbpractices,borbmedicalbtreatmentbmaybbecomebne
cessary.
Practitionersb andb researchersb mustb alwaysb relyb onb theirb ownb experienceb andb knowledgeb inb evaluatingb andb usi
ngbanybinformation,bmethods,bcompounds,b orb experimentsbdescribedbherein.b Inbusingbsuchbinformationborbmetho
ds,btheybshouldbbebmindfulbofbtheirbownbsafetybandbthebsafetybofbothers,bincludingbpartiesbforbwhombtheybhavebab
professionalbresponsibility.
Withbrespectbtobanybdrugborbpharmaceuticalbproductsbidentified,breadersbarebadvisedbtobcheckbthebmostbcu
rrentbinformationbprovidedb(i)b onb proceduresbfeaturedb orb (ii)bbyb thebmanufacturerbofb eachb productbtob beb
administered,btob verifyb thebrecommendedb doseborb formula,bthebmethodb andbdurationb ofb administration,b a
ndbcontraindications.bItbisbthebresponsibilitybofbpractitioners,brelyingbonbtheirbownbexperiencebandbknowled
gebofbtheirbpatients,btobmakebdiagnoses,btob determinebdosagesbandbthebbestbtreatmentbforbeachbindividualbp
atient,bandbtobtakeballbappropriatebsafetybprecautions.
Tobthebfullestb extentbofbtheb law,bneitherbthebPublisherbnorbthebauthors,bcontributors,borb editors,bassumebanyb liabil
itybforbanybinjuryband/orbdamagebtobpersonsborbpropertybasbabmatterbofbproductsbliability,bnegligenceborbotherwise
,borbfrombanybuseborb operationbofbanybmethods,bproducts,binstructions,borb ideasbcontainedbinbthebmaterialbherein.
LibrarybofbCongressbCataloging-in-PublicationbData
Names:bPowers,bJohnbM.,b1946-b,bauthor.b|bWataha,bJohnbC.,bauthor.
Title:bDentalbmaterialsb:bfoundationsbandbapplicationsb/bJohnbM.bPowers,bJohnbC.bWatah
a.bDescription:bEleventhbedition.b|bSt.bLouis,bMissourib:bElsevier,b[2017]b|
Includesbbibliographicalbreferencesbandbindex.
Identifiers:bLCCNb2015039912b|bISBNb9780323316378b(pbk.b:balk.bpape
r)bSubjects:b|bMESH:bDentalbMaterials.
Classification:b LCCb RK652.5b |b NLMb WUb 190b |b DDCb 617.6/95–dc23b LCb recordb availableb atb http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039912
ContentbStrategist:bKristinbWilhelm
ContentbDevelopmentbSpecialist:bDianebChatmanbPublishi
ngbServicesbManager:bHemamalinibRajendrababubProjectbM
anager:bManchubMohan
Designer:b Christianb Bilbow
PrintedbinbthebUnitedbStatesbofbAmerica.
Lastbdigitbisbthebprintbnumber:b9b 8bbb 7bbb 6bbb 5bbb 4bbb 3bbb 2bbb 1
,www.konkur.in
YOU’VE JUST PURCHASED
MORE THAN
b b
b
A TEXTBOOK!
b
Evolveb Studentb Resourcesb forb Powers:bDentalbMaterials:
Foundationsb andb Applications,b 11thb Edition,
includebthebfollowing:
• Instructionalb Videos
• Self-AssessmentbPracticebQuizzes
• CasebStudies
Activateb theb completeb learningb experienceb thatb comesb withb eachbtext
bookbpurchasebbybregisteringbat
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Powers/dentalmaterials/
REGISTER TODAY! b
Youb canb nowb purchaseb Elsevierb productsb onb Evolve!
Gobtobevolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.htmlbtobsearchbandbbrowsebforbproducts.
,www.konkur.in
Dental Ⓧ
11
Materials
FOUNDATIONS AND APPLICATIONS b b
JOHN M. POWERS, PhD
b b b
SeniorbVicebPresidentbandbSeniorbEditor,bThebDentalbAdvisor,b
Dentalb Consultants,b Inc.,b Annb Arbor,b Michigan
ClinicalbProfessorbofbOralbBiomaterials,
DepartmentbofbRestorativebDentistrybandbBiomaterials,b
UniversitybofbTexasbSchoolbofbDentistrybatbHouston,b
Houston,b Texas
JOHN C. WATAHA, DMD, PhD
b b b b
ProfessorbofbDentistry,bDepartmentbofbRestorativebDentistry,b
Schoolbofb Dentistry,b UniversitybofbWashington,
Seattle,b Washington
Contributingb Editor
YEN-WEI CHEN, DDS, MSD
b b b
Assistantb Professor
DepartmentbofbRestorativebDentistryb
Schoolbofb Dentistry
UniversitybofbWashingtonb
Seattle,bWashington
, www.konkur.in
3251bRiverportbLane
St.bLouis,bMissourib63043
DENTALb MATERIALS:b FOUNDATIONSb ANDb APPLICATIONS,b ELEVENTHb EDITIO
N ISBN:b 978-0-323-31637-8
Copyrightb ©b 2017,b Elsevierb Inc.b Allb rightsb reserved.
Previousb editionsb copyrighted:b 2013,b 2008,b 2004,b 2000,b 1996,b 1992,b 1987,b 1983,b 1979,b 1975.
Nob partbofb thisb publicationb maybbeb reproducedb orb transmittedbinb anyb formb orb byb anyb means,belectronicb orb mechani
cal,bincludingbphotocopying,brecording,borbanybinformationbstoragebandbretrievalbsystem,bwithoutbpermissionbinbwriti
ngbfrombthebpublisher.bDetailsbonbhowbtobseekbpermission,bfurtherbinformationbaboutbthebPublisher’sbpermissionsbpol
iciesbandbourbarrangementsbwithborganizationsbsuchbasbthebCopyrightbClearancebCenterbandbthebCopyrightb Licensing
bAgency,bcanbbeb foundbatb ourbwebsite:b www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbbookbandbthebindividualbcontributionsbcontainedbinbitbarebprotectedbunderbcopyrightbbybthebPublisherb(otherbthan
basbmayb bebnotedb herein).
Notices
Knowledgeb andb bestb practiceb inb thisb fieldb areb constantlyb changing.b Asb newb researchb andb experienceb broad
enbourbunderstanding,bchangesbinbresearchbmethods,bprofessionalbpractices,borbmedicalbtreatmentbmaybbecomebne
cessary.
Practitionersb andb researchersb mustb alwaysb relyb onb theirb ownb experienceb andb knowledgeb inb evaluatingb andb usi
ngbanybinformation,bmethods,bcompounds,b orb experimentsbdescribedbherein.b Inbusingbsuchbinformationborbmetho
ds,btheybshouldbbebmindfulbofbtheirbownbsafetybandbthebsafetybofbothers,bincludingbpartiesbforbwhombtheybhavebab
professionalbresponsibility.
Withbrespectbtobanybdrugborbpharmaceuticalbproductsbidentified,breadersbarebadvisedbtobcheckbthebmostbcu
rrentbinformationbprovidedb(i)b onb proceduresbfeaturedb orb (ii)bbyb thebmanufacturerbofb eachb productbtob beb
administered,btob verifyb thebrecommendedb doseborb formula,bthebmethodb andbdurationb ofb administration,b a
ndbcontraindications.bItbisbthebresponsibilitybofbpractitioners,brelyingbonbtheirbownbexperiencebandbknowled
gebofbtheirbpatients,btobmakebdiagnoses,btob determinebdosagesbandbthebbestbtreatmentbforbeachbindividualbp
atient,bandbtobtakeballbappropriatebsafetybprecautions.
Tobthebfullestb extentbofbtheb law,bneitherbthebPublisherbnorbthebauthors,bcontributors,borb editors,bassumebanyb liabil
itybforbanybinjuryband/orbdamagebtobpersonsborbpropertybasbabmatterbofbproductsbliability,bnegligenceborbotherwise
,borbfrombanybuseborb operationbofbanybmethods,bproducts,binstructions,borb ideasbcontainedbinbthebmaterialbherein.
LibrarybofbCongressbCataloging-in-PublicationbData
Names:bPowers,bJohnbM.,b1946-b,bauthor.b|bWataha,bJohnbC.,bauthor.
Title:bDentalbmaterialsb:bfoundationsbandbapplicationsb/bJohnbM.bPowers,bJohnbC.bWatah
a.bDescription:bEleventhbedition.b|bSt.bLouis,bMissourib:bElsevier,b[2017]b|
Includesbbibliographicalbreferencesbandbindex.
Identifiers:bLCCNb2015039912b|bISBNb9780323316378b(pbk.b:balk.bpape
r)bSubjects:b|bMESH:bDentalbMaterials.
Classification:b LCCb RK652.5b |b NLMb WUb 190b |b DDCb 617.6/95–dc23b LCb recordb availableb atb http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039912
ContentbStrategist:bKristinbWilhelm
ContentbDevelopmentbSpecialist:bDianebChatmanbPublishi
ngbServicesbManager:bHemamalinibRajendrababubProjectbM
anager:bManchubMohan
Designer:b Christianb Bilbow
PrintedbinbthebUnitedbStatesbofbAmerica.
Lastbdigitbisbthebprintbnumber:b9b 8bbb 7bbb 6bbb 5bbb 4bbb 3bbb 2bbb 1
