CSD 210 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Coronal plane
divides body into a front and a back part
Horizontal plane
divides body into an upper and a lower part
Median plane (sagittal plane)
divides body into a right and a left part
Rostral
towards the beak/head
Caudal
towards the tail
Sagittal view
side view of the brain
Anterior
front
Posterior
back
Dorsal
top
Ventral
bottom
Superficial
towards the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Inferior
Lower or below
Superior
Upper or above
Medial
Towards the axis or midline
Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
Proximal
-towards the body
-towards the root of free extremity
Distal
-away from the body
-away from the root of free extremity
Peripheral
towards the outer surface or part
,Central
pertaining to or situated at the center
Sinistrad
left
Dextrad
right
Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain & the spinal chord (characterized by being encased by bone)
**4 main parts:
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem
-spinal chord
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of nerves entering/exiting the CNS
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
-autonomic system (both)
Cranial nerves
-exit the brainstem & innervate the speech musculature
-enter the brainstem for sensory function
Spinal nerves
-exit the spinal chord & innervate muscles of the body
-enter the brainstem for sensory function
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary control
sympathetic & parasympathetic
Somatic nervous system
voluntary control
-sensory and motor nerves innervate muscle and skin
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary control
-sensory and motor nerves innervate visceral organs and glands
(ex. liver, heart, colon, how fast you're breathing etc.)
Sympathetic system
"fight or flight"
-spends body energy by activating visceral organs and glands in response to fight,
flight, and fear
-Ex. on a lot if you have a lot of anxiety
Parasympathetic system
"rest and digest"
-conserves energy and brings visceral functions back to normal levels after sympathetic
activation
Glial cells
serve an "assistive function"
-provide support framework
, -metabolize certain substances
-clean up "debris" after injury
-myelination (insulation to the nerve; helps speed up transmission)
Astrocytes
type of glial cell that provides nutrients and repairs
Oligodendrocytes
type of glial cell that make the myelin (provide myelin sheath)
Microglia
type of glial cell that is used for clean up
Ependymal
type of glial cell that lines the cavities (makes cerebral spinal fluid)
Neuron
function is to transmit information; receive, conduct, and transmit nerve impulses
-communicate via electrical and chemical impulses across synapse
-communicate through neurotransmitters
-form networks
**Parts: axon, dendrites, and soma (cell body)
Axon
sends impulses; carries information away from the cell body
Axon terminals/boutons
establishes contact with another neuron, muscle, or gland; site of contact is known as
the synapse
White matter
myelinated fibers
Tract
a discrete collection of white fibers (axons)
-named for where they originate and where they terminate; ex. corticospinal tract
Gray matter
areas of the brain that appear to be gray
-nucleus=discrete collection of cell bodies
-cortex=extensive layer of cell bodies
-ganglia=groups of nerve cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system
Cerebral hemispheres
two large halves of the brain
-very important for speech and language; especially left
Corpus callosum
white matter tract that connects the two halves of the brain; myelinated fiber bundle that
interconnects most cortical areas of both hemispheres
Gyri
cortical convolutions of the brain (aka the bumps)
Fissures/sulci
grooves in the brain
Ex. longitudinal fissure (divides brain into a left and right)
Divisions of the brain
-5 primary lobes
-contains primary motor areas, primary sensory areas, and association areas
LATEST UPDATE
Coronal plane
divides body into a front and a back part
Horizontal plane
divides body into an upper and a lower part
Median plane (sagittal plane)
divides body into a right and a left part
Rostral
towards the beak/head
Caudal
towards the tail
Sagittal view
side view of the brain
Anterior
front
Posterior
back
Dorsal
top
Ventral
bottom
Superficial
towards the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Inferior
Lower or below
Superior
Upper or above
Medial
Towards the axis or midline
Lateral
Away from the axis or midline
Proximal
-towards the body
-towards the root of free extremity
Distal
-away from the body
-away from the root of free extremity
Peripheral
towards the outer surface or part
,Central
pertaining to or situated at the center
Sinistrad
left
Dextrad
right
Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain & the spinal chord (characterized by being encased by bone)
**4 main parts:
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem
-spinal chord
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of nerves entering/exiting the CNS
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
-autonomic system (both)
Cranial nerves
-exit the brainstem & innervate the speech musculature
-enter the brainstem for sensory function
Spinal nerves
-exit the spinal chord & innervate muscles of the body
-enter the brainstem for sensory function
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary control
sympathetic & parasympathetic
Somatic nervous system
voluntary control
-sensory and motor nerves innervate muscle and skin
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary control
-sensory and motor nerves innervate visceral organs and glands
(ex. liver, heart, colon, how fast you're breathing etc.)
Sympathetic system
"fight or flight"
-spends body energy by activating visceral organs and glands in response to fight,
flight, and fear
-Ex. on a lot if you have a lot of anxiety
Parasympathetic system
"rest and digest"
-conserves energy and brings visceral functions back to normal levels after sympathetic
activation
Glial cells
serve an "assistive function"
-provide support framework
, -metabolize certain substances
-clean up "debris" after injury
-myelination (insulation to the nerve; helps speed up transmission)
Astrocytes
type of glial cell that provides nutrients and repairs
Oligodendrocytes
type of glial cell that make the myelin (provide myelin sheath)
Microglia
type of glial cell that is used for clean up
Ependymal
type of glial cell that lines the cavities (makes cerebral spinal fluid)
Neuron
function is to transmit information; receive, conduct, and transmit nerve impulses
-communicate via electrical and chemical impulses across synapse
-communicate through neurotransmitters
-form networks
**Parts: axon, dendrites, and soma (cell body)
Axon
sends impulses; carries information away from the cell body
Axon terminals/boutons
establishes contact with another neuron, muscle, or gland; site of contact is known as
the synapse
White matter
myelinated fibers
Tract
a discrete collection of white fibers (axons)
-named for where they originate and where they terminate; ex. corticospinal tract
Gray matter
areas of the brain that appear to be gray
-nucleus=discrete collection of cell bodies
-cortex=extensive layer of cell bodies
-ganglia=groups of nerve cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system
Cerebral hemispheres
two large halves of the brain
-very important for speech and language; especially left
Corpus callosum
white matter tract that connects the two halves of the brain; myelinated fiber bundle that
interconnects most cortical areas of both hemispheres
Gyri
cortical convolutions of the brain (aka the bumps)
Fissures/sulci
grooves in the brain
Ex. longitudinal fissure (divides brain into a left and right)
Divisions of the brain
-5 primary lobes
-contains primary motor areas, primary sensory areas, and association areas
