CSD 210 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Identify stressors impacting parents upon birth of cleft affected baby
-Learn to feed the infant
-Explain the condition to the siblings
-Learn to cope with staring and questions from others
-Deal with additional stress and their emotions
Why school is challenging for children with craniofacial anomalies?
-Teachers usually know little about clefts or may have misinformation
-Teachers tend to underestimate the intelligence of a child with a cleft or speech
disorder
-This shapes their expectations of the child
-Educational speech pathologists may or may not have a lot of experience with the
speech/language issues within the cleft/craniofacial population
-Medical speech pathologists on the child's care team needs to offer educational
information, support, and collaboration
Identify the three challenges that individuals face with craniofacial anomalies?
Social interactions
Teasing
Self perception
Social interactions:
-By preschool, children with cleft/craniofacial conditions begin to receive questions from
classmates (or their parents) regarding their facial differences
-By school age affected children typically have less friends due to the following
-Increases social inhibition (especially in girls)
-Reluctance to initiate &/or maintain friendships
-Communication challenges
-Concerns about facial appearance
-Teenage years reveal concerns about interpersonal relationships
Teasing
-Teasing is influenced by appearance, speech, and hearing
-Children with clefts are more likely to be teased than unaffected peers
Teasing can be reduced by:
-Child's reaction to teasing
-Intervention and support by adults
-Teasing diminishes by high school, due to greater understanding of differences.
-The teasing that does continue can be excessively cruel and border on group rejection
Self perception:
-Children with clefts have been consistently found to have higher negative self-concept
than unaffected peers
-Feel less: acceptable, socially competent, satisfied with own appearance
-Feel more: sad and angry than peers
, -Children with cleft lip rated themselves less acceptable than those with cleft palate
only, with both groups rating selves lower unaffected peers
-Poor perception of self extended into adulthood
-Women reported greater self consciousness than male counterparts
-Those with cleft lip felt less satisfied with speech than those with cleft lip only
-There was a general dissatisfaction with: mouth, teeth, lip, voice and speech in adults
with cleft lip/palate than their unaffected peers
What does "stigma" mean relating to craniofacial anomalities?
The discrediting of individuals based on differences from accepted or "normal" cultural
standards; does not require negative intent
What are results of "stigmas?"
-Social interactions are affected by stigma
-Diminishes a person's social acceptability
-Negatively impacts self esteem
-Reduced social interactions
-Affects vocational and economic opportunities
Stigmatization often leads to:
-Being stared at out of curiosity, ignorance, or sympathy
-Being "defined" by their stigma
Define resonance disorders:
abnormal transmission of sound energy through oral, nasal, and/or pharyngeal cavities
of the vocal tract during speech production
What are the four resonance disorders?
1. Hyper-nasality
2. Hypo-nasality
3. Cul-de-sac resonance
4. Mixed resonance
Define hyper-nasality:
abnormal nasal resonance during the production or oral sounds
What are the characteristics of hyper-nasality?
-Due to abnormal coupling of the oral and nasal cavities during speech
-Most perceptible on vowels
-Causes low volume due to the reduction of the sound through a large oral cavity and
absorption of sound in the pharyngeal and nasal cavities
True or false: Hyper-nasality is always associated with unvoiced sounds
False; it is always associated with voiced sounds (typically vowels due to all vowels
being voiced)
When there is a moderate to severe hyper-nasality, it is common to note what?
Nasalization of oral phonemes
What are the three characteristics of nasalization of oral phonemes?
1. Where oral plosives sound more like their nasal cognates
EX: m/b, n/d, and ing/g
2. Nasal sounds may be used for voiceless phonemes
EX: n/s
3. Speech sound inventory primarily consists of nasals
What are the causes of hyper-nasality?
LATEST UPDATE
Identify stressors impacting parents upon birth of cleft affected baby
-Learn to feed the infant
-Explain the condition to the siblings
-Learn to cope with staring and questions from others
-Deal with additional stress and their emotions
Why school is challenging for children with craniofacial anomalies?
-Teachers usually know little about clefts or may have misinformation
-Teachers tend to underestimate the intelligence of a child with a cleft or speech
disorder
-This shapes their expectations of the child
-Educational speech pathologists may or may not have a lot of experience with the
speech/language issues within the cleft/craniofacial population
-Medical speech pathologists on the child's care team needs to offer educational
information, support, and collaboration
Identify the three challenges that individuals face with craniofacial anomalies?
Social interactions
Teasing
Self perception
Social interactions:
-By preschool, children with cleft/craniofacial conditions begin to receive questions from
classmates (or their parents) regarding their facial differences
-By school age affected children typically have less friends due to the following
-Increases social inhibition (especially in girls)
-Reluctance to initiate &/or maintain friendships
-Communication challenges
-Concerns about facial appearance
-Teenage years reveal concerns about interpersonal relationships
Teasing
-Teasing is influenced by appearance, speech, and hearing
-Children with clefts are more likely to be teased than unaffected peers
Teasing can be reduced by:
-Child's reaction to teasing
-Intervention and support by adults
-Teasing diminishes by high school, due to greater understanding of differences.
-The teasing that does continue can be excessively cruel and border on group rejection
Self perception:
-Children with clefts have been consistently found to have higher negative self-concept
than unaffected peers
-Feel less: acceptable, socially competent, satisfied with own appearance
-Feel more: sad and angry than peers
, -Children with cleft lip rated themselves less acceptable than those with cleft palate
only, with both groups rating selves lower unaffected peers
-Poor perception of self extended into adulthood
-Women reported greater self consciousness than male counterparts
-Those with cleft lip felt less satisfied with speech than those with cleft lip only
-There was a general dissatisfaction with: mouth, teeth, lip, voice and speech in adults
with cleft lip/palate than their unaffected peers
What does "stigma" mean relating to craniofacial anomalities?
The discrediting of individuals based on differences from accepted or "normal" cultural
standards; does not require negative intent
What are results of "stigmas?"
-Social interactions are affected by stigma
-Diminishes a person's social acceptability
-Negatively impacts self esteem
-Reduced social interactions
-Affects vocational and economic opportunities
Stigmatization often leads to:
-Being stared at out of curiosity, ignorance, or sympathy
-Being "defined" by their stigma
Define resonance disorders:
abnormal transmission of sound energy through oral, nasal, and/or pharyngeal cavities
of the vocal tract during speech production
What are the four resonance disorders?
1. Hyper-nasality
2. Hypo-nasality
3. Cul-de-sac resonance
4. Mixed resonance
Define hyper-nasality:
abnormal nasal resonance during the production or oral sounds
What are the characteristics of hyper-nasality?
-Due to abnormal coupling of the oral and nasal cavities during speech
-Most perceptible on vowels
-Causes low volume due to the reduction of the sound through a large oral cavity and
absorption of sound in the pharyngeal and nasal cavities
True or false: Hyper-nasality is always associated with unvoiced sounds
False; it is always associated with voiced sounds (typically vowels due to all vowels
being voiced)
When there is a moderate to severe hyper-nasality, it is common to note what?
Nasalization of oral phonemes
What are the three characteristics of nasalization of oral phonemes?
1. Where oral plosives sound more like their nasal cognates
EX: m/b, n/d, and ing/g
2. Nasal sounds may be used for voiceless phonemes
EX: n/s
3. Speech sound inventory primarily consists of nasals
What are the causes of hyper-nasality?
