CSD 210 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
define dysarthria
-a group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the
speech mechanism
-paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech musculature
-disorder of movement related to strength, speed, range, timing, or accuracy of speech
movements
define apraxia of speech
-impairment in the capacity to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and
movement of muscles for the volitional production of speech
-can occur without neuromuscular weakness or slowness (just planning)
-deficit of articulation and prosody
compare a sign to a symptom
A sign is something a doctor can observe, a symptom is what a patient feels and can
report
Upper motoneurons _________________ and ________________ lower
motoneuron movement
activate, inhibit
describe the phrenic nerves and what they control. include a description on how
damage can lead to dysarthria
nerves involved in respiration
cervical - thoracic divisions of spinal cord... damage can cause diaphragm paralysis
compare/contrast the different types of dysarthria and associate them with the
site of lesion in the nervous system in the general neuromotor basis.
Describe the major perceptual characteristics associated with the type of
dysarthria (focus on the ones that are highlighted and help to distinguish that
type of dysarthria). When given a cluster of signs/symptoms about the speech
characteristics as well as some other general information about neurologic
status, predict the type of dysarthria.
describe how we categorize and assess motor speech disorders
perceptually (listen)
acoustically (special analysis)
physiologically
Define the major etiologies that cause flaccid dysarthria: Botulinum toxin, MG,
Bell's palsy, Brainstem stroke, Polio, Guillan Barre, MD, ALS, Aarnold Chiari
Malformation
Bell's Palsy: disease of facial nerve (VII) unilateral
Bell's Palsy
disease of facial nerve VII
unilateral
temporary (few months)
,Describe how a lesion in the final common pathway (lower motoneuron) would
lead to flaccid dysarthria. Discern the sensorimotor issues that arise from a
lesion to the final common pathway (hint: fasciculations, weakness, diminished
reflexes).
Describe the pattern of lesion associated with spastic dysarthria (bilateral UMN).
bilateral upper motor neuron lesion
Describe the UMN pathways (corticobulbar, corticospinal) and their patterns of
innervation to the LMN systems.
Describe the patterns resulting from a lesion to the UMN systems (reflexes,
including Babinski sign, weakness, spasticity).
Compare/Contrast the Pyramidal (Direct) and Extrapyramidal (Indirect) systems.
List the composition of the extrapyramidal or indirect sensorimotor system
List the major etiologies that cause spastic dysarthria
damage to pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems, stroke, CP
describe how the cerebellum modulates movement
it does not initiate movement, but it receives sensory input from the body and integrates
this information in to fine tune motor movements that are happening and allows for
better coordination
describe why damage to a cerebellar hemisphere affects the ipsilateral side of the
body
define ataxia
refers to progressive neurologic disorders that alter coordination and balance
list the major diseases/conditions that lead to ataxic dysarthria
damage to cerebellum
describe non-speech or associated signs of cerebellar damage
recall the major speech characteristics that define ataxic dysarthria
"drunk speech", stumble over words, uncoordinated, excess loudness and stress
list the major inputs and outputs of the basal ganglia (review from exam 2)
describe major features of Parkinson's disease and how this affects speech
production
hypokinesia, stooped posture, weakness in muscles causes weak speech
recognize non-speech findings associated with hypo kinetic dysarthria
dyskinesia
category of movement disorders characterized by involuntary movements and
diminished voluntary movements
chronic
tardive- happens after taking anti-psychotics for a long time or levodopa in Parkinson's
patients
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone- muscles contract uncontrollably. Twisting causes
repetitive movements and abnormal postures
hyperkinesia
increase in muscle activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive
normal movements, or both
kypokinesia
, decreased body movement due to disruption in basal ganglia
Parkinson's
akinesia
impairment/loss/complete absence of voluntary movement/activity
chorea
"dance" like continuous sequence of involuntary movements all strung together
common in Huntington's
more rapid, random, and unpredictable than dystonia
athetosis
slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents the individual from
maintaining a stable posture
mainly involves distal extremities
ballism
type of chorea
flailing, undesired movement of limbs
decrease in activity in sub thalamic nucleus of basal ganglia
very rare
tremor
-rhythmic, back and forth, or oscillating involuntary movement about a joint axis
-symmetric about a midpoint
-lack jerking
tic
repeated, individually recognizable movements that occur within periods of normal
movement
often increase under stress, excitement
Tourette's
myoclonus
sequence of repeated, nonrhythmic, shock-like jerks due to sudden involuntary
contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles
tremor results when contractions increase and rest periods in-between decrease
spasm
sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle
may be interpreted as a cramp
could be involved with dystonia
list the major presenting/distinguishing signs of hyperkinetic dysarthria
describe what type of damage generally causes hyperkinetic dysarthria
Define these conditions/diseases and know the major motor signs associated
with them (the name usually gives you a hint): Huntington's Disease, Tardive
Dyskinesia, Oromandibular dystonia, blepharospasm, Meige's Syndrome,
Cervical Dystonia, Paloatopharyngolayrngeal myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's
syndrome, Essential Tremor. You do not need to know the specifics (age of
onset, tremor characteristics such as frequency, just generally what they are).
Huntington's Disease
LATEST UPDATE
define dysarthria
-a group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the
speech mechanism
-paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech musculature
-disorder of movement related to strength, speed, range, timing, or accuracy of speech
movements
define apraxia of speech
-impairment in the capacity to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and
movement of muscles for the volitional production of speech
-can occur without neuromuscular weakness or slowness (just planning)
-deficit of articulation and prosody
compare a sign to a symptom
A sign is something a doctor can observe, a symptom is what a patient feels and can
report
Upper motoneurons _________________ and ________________ lower
motoneuron movement
activate, inhibit
describe the phrenic nerves and what they control. include a description on how
damage can lead to dysarthria
nerves involved in respiration
cervical - thoracic divisions of spinal cord... damage can cause diaphragm paralysis
compare/contrast the different types of dysarthria and associate them with the
site of lesion in the nervous system in the general neuromotor basis.
Describe the major perceptual characteristics associated with the type of
dysarthria (focus on the ones that are highlighted and help to distinguish that
type of dysarthria). When given a cluster of signs/symptoms about the speech
characteristics as well as some other general information about neurologic
status, predict the type of dysarthria.
describe how we categorize and assess motor speech disorders
perceptually (listen)
acoustically (special analysis)
physiologically
Define the major etiologies that cause flaccid dysarthria: Botulinum toxin, MG,
Bell's palsy, Brainstem stroke, Polio, Guillan Barre, MD, ALS, Aarnold Chiari
Malformation
Bell's Palsy: disease of facial nerve (VII) unilateral
Bell's Palsy
disease of facial nerve VII
unilateral
temporary (few months)
,Describe how a lesion in the final common pathway (lower motoneuron) would
lead to flaccid dysarthria. Discern the sensorimotor issues that arise from a
lesion to the final common pathway (hint: fasciculations, weakness, diminished
reflexes).
Describe the pattern of lesion associated with spastic dysarthria (bilateral UMN).
bilateral upper motor neuron lesion
Describe the UMN pathways (corticobulbar, corticospinal) and their patterns of
innervation to the LMN systems.
Describe the patterns resulting from a lesion to the UMN systems (reflexes,
including Babinski sign, weakness, spasticity).
Compare/Contrast the Pyramidal (Direct) and Extrapyramidal (Indirect) systems.
List the composition of the extrapyramidal or indirect sensorimotor system
List the major etiologies that cause spastic dysarthria
damage to pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems, stroke, CP
describe how the cerebellum modulates movement
it does not initiate movement, but it receives sensory input from the body and integrates
this information in to fine tune motor movements that are happening and allows for
better coordination
describe why damage to a cerebellar hemisphere affects the ipsilateral side of the
body
define ataxia
refers to progressive neurologic disorders that alter coordination and balance
list the major diseases/conditions that lead to ataxic dysarthria
damage to cerebellum
describe non-speech or associated signs of cerebellar damage
recall the major speech characteristics that define ataxic dysarthria
"drunk speech", stumble over words, uncoordinated, excess loudness and stress
list the major inputs and outputs of the basal ganglia (review from exam 2)
describe major features of Parkinson's disease and how this affects speech
production
hypokinesia, stooped posture, weakness in muscles causes weak speech
recognize non-speech findings associated with hypo kinetic dysarthria
dyskinesia
category of movement disorders characterized by involuntary movements and
diminished voluntary movements
chronic
tardive- happens after taking anti-psychotics for a long time or levodopa in Parkinson's
patients
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone- muscles contract uncontrollably. Twisting causes
repetitive movements and abnormal postures
hyperkinesia
increase in muscle activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive
normal movements, or both
kypokinesia
, decreased body movement due to disruption in basal ganglia
Parkinson's
akinesia
impairment/loss/complete absence of voluntary movement/activity
chorea
"dance" like continuous sequence of involuntary movements all strung together
common in Huntington's
more rapid, random, and unpredictable than dystonia
athetosis
slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents the individual from
maintaining a stable posture
mainly involves distal extremities
ballism
type of chorea
flailing, undesired movement of limbs
decrease in activity in sub thalamic nucleus of basal ganglia
very rare
tremor
-rhythmic, back and forth, or oscillating involuntary movement about a joint axis
-symmetric about a midpoint
-lack jerking
tic
repeated, individually recognizable movements that occur within periods of normal
movement
often increase under stress, excitement
Tourette's
myoclonus
sequence of repeated, nonrhythmic, shock-like jerks due to sudden involuntary
contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles
tremor results when contractions increase and rest periods in-between decrease
spasm
sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle
may be interpreted as a cramp
could be involved with dystonia
list the major presenting/distinguishing signs of hyperkinetic dysarthria
describe what type of damage generally causes hyperkinetic dysarthria
Define these conditions/diseases and know the major motor signs associated
with them (the name usually gives you a hint): Huntington's Disease, Tardive
Dyskinesia, Oromandibular dystonia, blepharospasm, Meige's Syndrome,
Cervical Dystonia, Paloatopharyngolayrngeal myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's
syndrome, Essential Tremor. You do not need to know the specifics (age of
onset, tremor characteristics such as frequency, just generally what they are).
Huntington's Disease
