CSD 210 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Stuttering
a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds
and involuntary pauses
Causes of stuttering
Genetic Predisposition
neurophysiological factors- white matter variations
Mainly starts between 2.5-6 years old
overt stuttering behaviors
blocks
secondary behaviors
avoidance behaviors
covert stuttering behaviors
negative emotions
Treatment for adults
address Affective (feelings) Behavior (actions) and Cognitive (thoughts)
Glottis
Opening between vocal cords
Abduction
open
adduction
closed
subglottal pressure
air pressure below the level of the vocal folds- must be enough to vibrate
Frequency
AKA Pitch
number of cycles of vibration per min
Intensity
loudness- how far vocal folds are blown apart
Quality
Horse, raspy, breathy
What can voice tell us?
Age, emotion, culture, health
Voice disorder
Individuals whose pitch, loudness, or phonatory quality differs significantly from that of
persons of a similar age, gender, cultural background, and racial or ethnic group.
female>male
40-60 years
Cause of voice disorders
vocal abuse, neurogenic, psychogenic
Vocal abuse examples
, excessive talking, throat clearing, coughing, smoking, screaming, yelling
Vocal Nodules
small protuberances on the inner edges of vocal folds
One or both sides
Vocal Polyps
typically unilateral protruding growths fromthe mucous membrane. Often reddish due to
blood vessels
Contact Ulcers/Granulomas
erosions or sores caused by repeated contact of vocal folds
Traumatizing mucosal covering can result in irritation, necrosis, or death of tissue
Neurogenic Voice disorders
result from damage to or disease in the neurological systems associated with voice
production
Vagus nerve lesions
cranial nerve damage can cause vocal fold paralysis
spasmodic dysphonia
a voice disorder in which the voice, at times, sounds tense or strained
affects motor control of larynx
ALS
progressive neuromuscular disease resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy
Parkison's disease
a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and
slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people.
Pyschogenic
emotional/psychological distress
Mutational falsetto
Male with mature larynx has perpetually too high pitch
juvenile voice disorders which gender?
females
Screening evaluation
respiration
phonation
resonance
vocal range
Direct treatment for Voice Disorders
manipulate voice producing mechanism
Indirect treatment for Voice Disorders
Modify behavior
Counseling
Subsystems of speech
respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, Prosody
Motor Speech Disorders
resulting from neurological impairment affecting speech planning, programming, control,
or execution
Apraxia of Speech
LATEST UPDATE
Stuttering
a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds
and involuntary pauses
Causes of stuttering
Genetic Predisposition
neurophysiological factors- white matter variations
Mainly starts between 2.5-6 years old
overt stuttering behaviors
blocks
secondary behaviors
avoidance behaviors
covert stuttering behaviors
negative emotions
Treatment for adults
address Affective (feelings) Behavior (actions) and Cognitive (thoughts)
Glottis
Opening between vocal cords
Abduction
open
adduction
closed
subglottal pressure
air pressure below the level of the vocal folds- must be enough to vibrate
Frequency
AKA Pitch
number of cycles of vibration per min
Intensity
loudness- how far vocal folds are blown apart
Quality
Horse, raspy, breathy
What can voice tell us?
Age, emotion, culture, health
Voice disorder
Individuals whose pitch, loudness, or phonatory quality differs significantly from that of
persons of a similar age, gender, cultural background, and racial or ethnic group.
female>male
40-60 years
Cause of voice disorders
vocal abuse, neurogenic, psychogenic
Vocal abuse examples
, excessive talking, throat clearing, coughing, smoking, screaming, yelling
Vocal Nodules
small protuberances on the inner edges of vocal folds
One or both sides
Vocal Polyps
typically unilateral protruding growths fromthe mucous membrane. Often reddish due to
blood vessels
Contact Ulcers/Granulomas
erosions or sores caused by repeated contact of vocal folds
Traumatizing mucosal covering can result in irritation, necrosis, or death of tissue
Neurogenic Voice disorders
result from damage to or disease in the neurological systems associated with voice
production
Vagus nerve lesions
cranial nerve damage can cause vocal fold paralysis
spasmodic dysphonia
a voice disorder in which the voice, at times, sounds tense or strained
affects motor control of larynx
ALS
progressive neuromuscular disease resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy
Parkison's disease
a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and
slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people.
Pyschogenic
emotional/psychological distress
Mutational falsetto
Male with mature larynx has perpetually too high pitch
juvenile voice disorders which gender?
females
Screening evaluation
respiration
phonation
resonance
vocal range
Direct treatment for Voice Disorders
manipulate voice producing mechanism
Indirect treatment for Voice Disorders
Modify behavior
Counseling
Subsystems of speech
respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, Prosody
Motor Speech Disorders
resulting from neurological impairment affecting speech planning, programming, control,
or execution
Apraxia of Speech
