BIO 1040 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
DNA
Contains genetic information; Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
Polymer
Chain of many similar monomers.
Nucleotide
Monomer of DNA; consists of sugar, phosphate, base.
Chromosome
DNA wrapped around proteins; visible under microscope.
Double Helix
Two twisted DNA polymers; structure of DNA.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds holding DNA base pairs together.
Covalent Bonds
Strong bonds forming DNA backbone between sugars and phosphates.
Complementary Base Pairing
A pairs with T; G pairs with C.
Gene
Unit of heredity; sequence of DNA.
DNA Replication
Process of copying DNA; semi-conservative.
Helicase
Enzyme unwinding DNA during replication.
DNA Polymerase
Enzyme linking nucleotides during DNA replication.
Transcription
DNA to RNA process; occurs in nucleus.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
Translation
mRNA to protein process; occurs in cytoplasm.
Ribosome
Organelle synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Brings amino acids to ribosome based on mRNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Component of ribosomes; forms peptide bonds.
Codon
Set of 3 nucleotides coding for an amino acid.
Cell Cycle
Series of phases for cell division and growth.
, Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Regulate progress through the cell cycle.
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division; often due to mutations.
Mutation
Any change in DNA sequence; can affect gene function.
BRCA1 and BRCA2
Genes associated with inherited cancer risk.
Environmental Mutagens
Factors like UV radiation causing DNA mutations.
Amino Acid
Building blocks of proteins; linked by peptide bonds.
Start Codon
Initiates translation; usually AUG.
Stop Codon
Terminates translation; no tRNA matches.
Which one is a nucleotide
D
Which one is deoxyribose sugar?
C
Which one is a phosphate
B
Which points to hydrogen bonds
F
Which points to a strong covalent bond
A
To which base is G pointing
Guanine
To which point is H pointing
Thymine
To which bond formed by DNA polymerase
A
To which is the bond broken by helicase
F
Write complimentary DNA sequence for this DNA strand: TGGCAT
ACCGTA
Where in the cell does replication occur?
Nucleus
Where in the cell does transcription occur?
Nucleus
What molecule does replication use as a template
DNA
What molecule does transcription use as a template
DNA
How many strands/polymers are used as templates in replication?
2
LATEST UPDATE
DNA
Contains genetic information; Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.
Polymer
Chain of many similar monomers.
Nucleotide
Monomer of DNA; consists of sugar, phosphate, base.
Chromosome
DNA wrapped around proteins; visible under microscope.
Double Helix
Two twisted DNA polymers; structure of DNA.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds holding DNA base pairs together.
Covalent Bonds
Strong bonds forming DNA backbone between sugars and phosphates.
Complementary Base Pairing
A pairs with T; G pairs with C.
Gene
Unit of heredity; sequence of DNA.
DNA Replication
Process of copying DNA; semi-conservative.
Helicase
Enzyme unwinding DNA during replication.
DNA Polymerase
Enzyme linking nucleotides during DNA replication.
Transcription
DNA to RNA process; occurs in nucleus.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
Translation
mRNA to protein process; occurs in cytoplasm.
Ribosome
Organelle synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Brings amino acids to ribosome based on mRNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Component of ribosomes; forms peptide bonds.
Codon
Set of 3 nucleotides coding for an amino acid.
Cell Cycle
Series of phases for cell division and growth.
, Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Regulate progress through the cell cycle.
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division; often due to mutations.
Mutation
Any change in DNA sequence; can affect gene function.
BRCA1 and BRCA2
Genes associated with inherited cancer risk.
Environmental Mutagens
Factors like UV radiation causing DNA mutations.
Amino Acid
Building blocks of proteins; linked by peptide bonds.
Start Codon
Initiates translation; usually AUG.
Stop Codon
Terminates translation; no tRNA matches.
Which one is a nucleotide
D
Which one is deoxyribose sugar?
C
Which one is a phosphate
B
Which points to hydrogen bonds
F
Which points to a strong covalent bond
A
To which base is G pointing
Guanine
To which point is H pointing
Thymine
To which bond formed by DNA polymerase
A
To which is the bond broken by helicase
F
Write complimentary DNA sequence for this DNA strand: TGGCAT
ACCGTA
Where in the cell does replication occur?
Nucleus
Where in the cell does transcription occur?
Nucleus
What molecule does replication use as a template
DNA
What molecule does transcription use as a template
DNA
How many strands/polymers are used as templates in replication?
2
