BIO 1040 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Are fungi more closely related to humans or plants
closely related to animals
What is fungi cell wall made of
Cell wall is made of chitin
How do fungi consume nutrients
absorption: products of digestion are taken up by cells
mycelium
filamentous network of compromised of individual strands of hyphae
hyphae
crucial to absorption of nutrients because they have digestive enzyme
fruiting bodies
a reproductive structure a mycelium can turn into
Why is decomposition an important ecological function of fungi? What types of
substances are they capable of decomposing?
It is importance because it can break down structural compounds like lignin in wood
which recycles nutrients and stores carbon, can also decompose potentially toxic
substances
What are mycorrhizae? What important function do they have
A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, it enhances nutrient
and water uptake by host plant by making larger volume of soil than roots alone do
What are stages of sexual reproduction in fungi? Which are haploid? Diploid?
1. Hyphae from each mycelium meet and cytoplasms fuse (heterokaryotic, haploid)
2. Parental Nuclei fuse creating a diploid zygote (diploid)
3. Zygotes undergo meiosis producing haploid spores for dispersal and colonization
(haploid)
what is meant by heterokaryotic stage
cells contain 2 distinct haploid nuclei
How does asexual reproduction in fungi work? What is the ploidy of these
stages?
haploid spores arise from haploid mycelia, haploid stage
What type of fungus contributes to a decline in amphibian populations? What
specifically (which protein, where is the protein located) does it infect? Know that
amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate group
Chytrid fungus, specifically infects keratin in epidermis, amphibians are most threatened
vertebrate group
What specifically (which protein, where is the protein located) do athlete's foot
and ringworm infect?
Affects keratinized areas of epidermis of skin
What type of fungi contribute to production of both antibiotics and blue cheese
, Penicillium mold spores
What type of fungi contribute to fermentation involved in beer, wine, and bread
production
yeast
what are valuable underground fungi (pigs and dogs are trained to find) generally
called
morels and truffles
Why must you be sure about proper mushroom identification before consuming
them?
some can be deathly poisonous
what does lichen consist of
lichen consists of fungi and a photosynthesizer
what does it mean that lichens are "pioneer species"? How do they help create
new plant habitat?
First to colonize, create a new plant habitat by secreting acid that breaks down rock to
soil
what two unique adaptations to enhance spore dispersal via insects did we cover
in class
produce light and "mind control" by flooding brain with chemicals to move where
conditions are perfect
what is the largest known single organism on earth? what state is it located in?
honey fungus, located in eastern oregon
how do fungi negatively affect the agricultural economy
causes about 80% of known plant diseases and can result in high crop loss
what two psychedelic compounds are derived from fungi? what promising
therapeutic applications do they have?
psilocybin (magic mushrooms) and LSD, show promise in treating depression, PTSD,
addiction, etc, connected to facilitating neuroplasticity
what key evolutionary adaptations enabled plant life on life? Which of these are
exhibited by each plant group we covered?
Formation of waterproof covering, sexual reproduction and formation of diploid embryos
in absence of swimming, development of woody vascular tissue, development of seeds
for dispersal, development of flowers and fruits. Waterproof covering is exhibited by
each plant group
what is the alteration of generations in plants? How is it different from animals
alteration of generations is life cycles in which there are distinct multicellular haploid and
diploid life forms that alternate from one generation to the next. Both generations are
multicellular, making it different from animals
what is the difference between gametophytes and sporophytes? which groups we
discussed have a dominant gametophyte form? which have a dominant
sporophyte form?
Gametophytes are the haploid generation of the plant that produces haploid gametes
via mitosis, sporophytes are the diploid generation of the plant that results from the
growth and development of the 2n zygote, and eventually produces haploid spores via
meiosis that develop into gametophytes. Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) have a
dominant gametophyte form. Ferns are dominated by sporophytes
LATEST UPDATE
Are fungi more closely related to humans or plants
closely related to animals
What is fungi cell wall made of
Cell wall is made of chitin
How do fungi consume nutrients
absorption: products of digestion are taken up by cells
mycelium
filamentous network of compromised of individual strands of hyphae
hyphae
crucial to absorption of nutrients because they have digestive enzyme
fruiting bodies
a reproductive structure a mycelium can turn into
Why is decomposition an important ecological function of fungi? What types of
substances are they capable of decomposing?
It is importance because it can break down structural compounds like lignin in wood
which recycles nutrients and stores carbon, can also decompose potentially toxic
substances
What are mycorrhizae? What important function do they have
A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, it enhances nutrient
and water uptake by host plant by making larger volume of soil than roots alone do
What are stages of sexual reproduction in fungi? Which are haploid? Diploid?
1. Hyphae from each mycelium meet and cytoplasms fuse (heterokaryotic, haploid)
2. Parental Nuclei fuse creating a diploid zygote (diploid)
3. Zygotes undergo meiosis producing haploid spores for dispersal and colonization
(haploid)
what is meant by heterokaryotic stage
cells contain 2 distinct haploid nuclei
How does asexual reproduction in fungi work? What is the ploidy of these
stages?
haploid spores arise from haploid mycelia, haploid stage
What type of fungus contributes to a decline in amphibian populations? What
specifically (which protein, where is the protein located) does it infect? Know that
amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate group
Chytrid fungus, specifically infects keratin in epidermis, amphibians are most threatened
vertebrate group
What specifically (which protein, where is the protein located) do athlete's foot
and ringworm infect?
Affects keratinized areas of epidermis of skin
What type of fungi contribute to production of both antibiotics and blue cheese
, Penicillium mold spores
What type of fungi contribute to fermentation involved in beer, wine, and bread
production
yeast
what are valuable underground fungi (pigs and dogs are trained to find) generally
called
morels and truffles
Why must you be sure about proper mushroom identification before consuming
them?
some can be deathly poisonous
what does lichen consist of
lichen consists of fungi and a photosynthesizer
what does it mean that lichens are "pioneer species"? How do they help create
new plant habitat?
First to colonize, create a new plant habitat by secreting acid that breaks down rock to
soil
what two unique adaptations to enhance spore dispersal via insects did we cover
in class
produce light and "mind control" by flooding brain with chemicals to move where
conditions are perfect
what is the largest known single organism on earth? what state is it located in?
honey fungus, located in eastern oregon
how do fungi negatively affect the agricultural economy
causes about 80% of known plant diseases and can result in high crop loss
what two psychedelic compounds are derived from fungi? what promising
therapeutic applications do they have?
psilocybin (magic mushrooms) and LSD, show promise in treating depression, PTSD,
addiction, etc, connected to facilitating neuroplasticity
what key evolutionary adaptations enabled plant life on life? Which of these are
exhibited by each plant group we covered?
Formation of waterproof covering, sexual reproduction and formation of diploid embryos
in absence of swimming, development of woody vascular tissue, development of seeds
for dispersal, development of flowers and fruits. Waterproof covering is exhibited by
each plant group
what is the alteration of generations in plants? How is it different from animals
alteration of generations is life cycles in which there are distinct multicellular haploid and
diploid life forms that alternate from one generation to the next. Both generations are
multicellular, making it different from animals
what is the difference between gametophytes and sporophytes? which groups we
discussed have a dominant gametophyte form? which have a dominant
sporophyte form?
Gametophytes are the haploid generation of the plant that produces haploid gametes
via mitosis, sporophytes are the diploid generation of the plant that results from the
growth and development of the 2n zygote, and eventually produces haploid spores via
meiosis that develop into gametophytes. Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) have a
dominant gametophyte form. Ferns are dominated by sporophytes
