BIO 1040 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Famine was common. Human bodies evolved to hoard energy in the form of fat to
get through times when food was scarce.
Why do humans weigh more than in the
past?
Our bodies digest the food we eat by mixing it with fluids (acids and enzymes) in
the stomach. When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrate (sugars and
starches) in the food breaks down into another type of sugar, called glucose
How does the body use the energy in food?
Obese
Having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as measured by a
body mass index equal to or greater than 30.
Body mass index
estimates body fat based on height and weight
calories (c)
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
Glucose
most common source in living organisms
Aerobic respiration
the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the
mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP
Glycolysis
First step of aerobic respiration; occurs in the cytoplasm; Series of reactions that breaks
down sugar into smaller units
(pyruvate)
Citric acid cycle
Second step of arobic respiration; Series of reactions that helps extract energy (high‐
energy electrons) from food; NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons; Releases carbon
dioxide
Electric transport chain
Final step of aerobic respiration; Electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are
carried to the inner membranes of the mitochondria; Electrons are passed down a chain
of molecules; Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to
produce water; Produces most atp
metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol.
What is fermentation?
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and considered more healthy and
saturated fats are solid at room tempature
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
, Overweight
Having a BMI between 25 and 29.9.
Humans have adapted to store extra food as fat for when food is scarce. In
developed countries, most people no longer have to worry about famine, but their
bodies still store food as if famine was a constant threat
What feature of our biological history contributes to the obesity problem?
We have adapted to store extra energy (food) as fat.
What specific adaptation has resulted from that history?
The American diet largely consists of food that is highly processed, high in fat
content and available in large quantities.
What features of modern American food culture contribute to the obesity epidemic?
Since there is an abundance of food, a lot of it unhealthy, available to us, we eat
large portions on a day-to-day basis. Our bodies store the excess food we
consume as fat, waiting for a famine that will likely never come.
How do our specific adaptations and modern food culture interact to produce the obesity
problem we now face?
True
The ability to store food as energy was a useful adaptation when the food supply was
uncertain. (True or False)
A, B
Why would larger portion sizes potentially lead to a higher rate of obesity? (choose all
that apply)
a. more food = more fat storage in the body
b. more food = the need to exercise more to "burn off" the extra calorie intake
c. more food = increased body metabolism (the ability to burn calories)
d. more food = longer time needed to consume it
Calorie
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.
Calorie
1,000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal); the capital "C" in Calorie indicates
Glycogen
A complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose molecules, that
stores energy for short-term use.
Triglycerides
A type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use.
Muscle and liver cells; first
Where is glycogen stored and in what order?
Fat cells (all over the body); second
Where is fat stored and in what order?
B
Given what you know about the American diet and the percentage of obese citizens,
what form of energy storage does many people's body utilize?
a. Short term storage
b. Long term storage
C
LATEST UPDATE
Famine was common. Human bodies evolved to hoard energy in the form of fat to
get through times when food was scarce.
Why do humans weigh more than in the
past?
Our bodies digest the food we eat by mixing it with fluids (acids and enzymes) in
the stomach. When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrate (sugars and
starches) in the food breaks down into another type of sugar, called glucose
How does the body use the energy in food?
Obese
Having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as measured by a
body mass index equal to or greater than 30.
Body mass index
estimates body fat based on height and weight
calories (c)
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
Glucose
most common source in living organisms
Aerobic respiration
the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the
mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP
Glycolysis
First step of aerobic respiration; occurs in the cytoplasm; Series of reactions that breaks
down sugar into smaller units
(pyruvate)
Citric acid cycle
Second step of arobic respiration; Series of reactions that helps extract energy (high‐
energy electrons) from food; NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons; Releases carbon
dioxide
Electric transport chain
Final step of aerobic respiration; Electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are
carried to the inner membranes of the mitochondria; Electrons are passed down a chain
of molecules; Oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to
produce water; Produces most atp
metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol.
What is fermentation?
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and considered more healthy and
saturated fats are solid at room tempature
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
, Overweight
Having a BMI between 25 and 29.9.
Humans have adapted to store extra food as fat for when food is scarce. In
developed countries, most people no longer have to worry about famine, but their
bodies still store food as if famine was a constant threat
What feature of our biological history contributes to the obesity problem?
We have adapted to store extra energy (food) as fat.
What specific adaptation has resulted from that history?
The American diet largely consists of food that is highly processed, high in fat
content and available in large quantities.
What features of modern American food culture contribute to the obesity epidemic?
Since there is an abundance of food, a lot of it unhealthy, available to us, we eat
large portions on a day-to-day basis. Our bodies store the excess food we
consume as fat, waiting for a famine that will likely never come.
How do our specific adaptations and modern food culture interact to produce the obesity
problem we now face?
True
The ability to store food as energy was a useful adaptation when the food supply was
uncertain. (True or False)
A, B
Why would larger portion sizes potentially lead to a higher rate of obesity? (choose all
that apply)
a. more food = more fat storage in the body
b. more food = the need to exercise more to "burn off" the extra calorie intake
c. more food = increased body metabolism (the ability to burn calories)
d. more food = longer time needed to consume it
Calorie
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.
Calorie
1,000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal); the capital "C" in Calorie indicates
Glycogen
A complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose molecules, that
stores energy for short-term use.
Triglycerides
A type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use.
Muscle and liver cells; first
Where is glycogen stored and in what order?
Fat cells (all over the body); second
Where is fat stored and in what order?
B
Given what you know about the American diet and the percentage of obese citizens,
what form of energy storage does many people's body utilize?
a. Short term storage
b. Long term storage
C
