BIO 1040 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Name the three domains and the four 'kingdoms' of the Eukarya domain used to
classify organisms. Give general
characteristics and specific examples for each.
Archean, Bacteria, Eukarya. Eukarya domains are plantae, protista, animalia, fungi.
Kingsoms in Eukarya are classified by their means of nutrition. Fungi decompose,
plantae photosynthesis, animalia consume other organisms, some protists
photosynthesize as well.
What are the main differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus, prokaryotes do have DNA just no Nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have
membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are way smaller.
Both cells have ribosomes to make proteins. Both have plasma membranes.
Name and describe the common properties that all living individual organisms
share. How about populations of
organisms?
Cellular organization; energy and materials. Reproduction and Heredity. Growth and
Development, Energy Processing (metabolism). Response to the environment,
Regulation (homeostasis). These are all individual properties. The nonindividual (at
population level) is evolutionary adaption
List the activities all living organisms must do to sustain life and pass on their
traits to the next generation ('Life's
activities').
Getting food/fuel. Digestion, Assimilation (building body from energy by making four
macromolecules) , elimination (pee and poop). Reproduction. Cellular respiration and
respiratory exchange. Secretion. External properties are getting food and reproduction/
expansion of range and movement.
Explain how ecosystems are organized? What
cycles through them? What flows
through the ecosystems? What
processes bring energy and atoms into the ecosystems and what releases them
from organisms? Contrast
producers and consumers.
matter cycles through ecosystems while energy flows. Energy flows because of
thermodynamics. Photosynthesis bring energy to ecosystem from sun. Assimilation
comes from chemical energy in food and consumers in animals. producers are plants
and cosumers are animals. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration allows energy and
matter to flow through system.
What are those cycles and flows called in a ecosystem?
What is the ultimate source of energy for most terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems?
What are the two methods of energy storage in cells?
,In what form is energy passed through ecosystems?
All energy capture by photosynthesizers eventually escapes the ecosystem as
what?
food webs are the cycles and flows. Ultimate source of energy is the sun. Energy
storage is ion gradient and covalent bonds!!! Photosynthesis releases oxygen.
What is DNA's function in cells? IOW, what is stored in DNA and HOW? What is
the ultimate source of variation?
Dna stores genes. Ultimate source of variation is mutation.
What is the ultimate product of a gene {can be two types of macromolecules}?
How does this relate to genotype versus phenotype? What do I mean when I say,
'gene expression?
Nucleic acids and Proteins. Nucleic acid triplets are partially the genotype and the
proteins are the gene expression that we see as phenotype
Explain the basics of translation of a gene into a protein (the
BASIC steps). How do codons relate to the subunits of proteins (and what are the
subunits called)?
IOW, how do you read the genetic code?
DNA transcribes to RNA and RNA translates to proteins. Proteins determine these
traits. The subunits of proteins are amino acids that translate into a polypeptide. Peptide
bonds connect the polypeptide molecules
Can only add nucleotide on 3' end.
How does a signal transduction pathway connect a cell to its environment?
Where does the pathway usually end? AND, what type of molecule is that end?
How does this relate to gene expression and cell identity?
Regulation: when to change or react.
external environment to internal body fluid and then the cell thats in there. A signaling
molecule has a receptor protein that enters into a target cell as a relay protein. THe
relay proteins activate a transcription factor.
transcription factor is the signal to turn gene factor on and off (creates a specific protein
that can be expressed)
Cell identity is the proteins that are produced in a cell.
. How does the shape of biological "parts" {whether molecular, cellular, or
multicellular-body part} relate to function? What if the shape of the part is wrong?
An organism shape is... Whats it made of, whats its shape, whats its function. If shape
is wrong then it is difficult to function.
What is a phylogeny? Define: root, node, branch, and terminal taxa. Be sure you
know how to read a phylogeny and know what the connections (nodes and
branches) between groups mean
A node is a common ancestor. root is the beginning of the tree. branch is the line that
leads to a lineage. Terminal taxa is a clade?
What do I mean when I say, 'phylogenies show the relative order of events in the
history of life'?
They are like a fossil record
two methods of energy storage
Covalent Bonds, ion gradient across a membrane (chemiosmosis)
genetic def of evolution
, allele changes in a population over generations
Primary source of sexually reproducing organisms
meiosis: crossing over and fertilization
Cell Membrane structure.
Phospholipids are the barrier (out or in) , proteins allow things in or out selectively.
Big 6 atoms
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Nitrogen
Why do we care about losing biodiversity? How many extant species are named
and known? How many extant species are estimated to exist?
we are dependent on creatures to make our lives easier. There are 1.8 million extant
species named and known (100 million estimated) . _____ are estimated to go extinct
What is a microbiota? In contrast, what is a microbiome? What are
metagenomics?
Microbiota is gut flora or skin flora, it means the biodiversity within specific environment
(like guts). We research these things with metagenomics to sample DNA and determine
the microbiome. The microbiome is the list associated with the species of the sample
Describe the differences between the three different lifestyles of cellular
prokaryotes. Think in terms of the numbers of individuals and permanence of
groupings of cells
unicellular, aggregates, colonies/biofilms.
Unicellular- live and function alone
Aggregates- live alone but come together occasionally when the environment calls for it.
Colonies/Biofilms- more of an ecosystem
Name and describe the three most common shapes bacteria have
Cocci, bacilli, spirochete.
Cocci is spherical, bacilla is cork/rod shaped, spirochete is a spiral.
Be able to identify, describe, and give the function of the internal and external
structures of a prokaryotic cel
Cell envelope in prokaryote is the capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane. CELL
ENVELOPE IS MOST IMPORTANT PART. have ribosomes that make proteins. have a
space where you find single circular chromosome. Cell wall and capsule (a sticky layer
of polysaccharide or protein.) The capsule enables prokaryotes to adhere to a surface
or to other individuals in a colony and gives external shape. Capsule is not stiff, just
sticky. Cell wall protects the prokaryote from bursting in a hypotonic environment
Fimbraie- hairlike projections that enable some prokaryotes to stick to a surface or to
one another. Fimbriae allow many pathogenic bacteria to latch onto the host cells they
colonize
Flagella- allow cell to move towards nutrients: adaptations that enable them to move
about in response to chemical or physical signals in their environments. (naked protein
structure that lacks microtubules
What is the basis for the difference in staining in Gram - positive bacteria
compared to Gram - negative bacteria? Knowing if a bacterium is Gram -positive
or Gram -negative allows us to do what? IOW, why is it important to us to know
what category to put the species in?
Gram positive is purple/spherical and gram negative is pink/rods. Gram positive are
simpler, gram negative causes more severe diseases. Allows us to know TREATMENT.
LATEST UPDATE
Name the three domains and the four 'kingdoms' of the Eukarya domain used to
classify organisms. Give general
characteristics and specific examples for each.
Archean, Bacteria, Eukarya. Eukarya domains are plantae, protista, animalia, fungi.
Kingsoms in Eukarya are classified by their means of nutrition. Fungi decompose,
plantae photosynthesis, animalia consume other organisms, some protists
photosynthesize as well.
What are the main differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus, prokaryotes do have DNA just no Nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have
membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are way smaller.
Both cells have ribosomes to make proteins. Both have plasma membranes.
Name and describe the common properties that all living individual organisms
share. How about populations of
organisms?
Cellular organization; energy and materials. Reproduction and Heredity. Growth and
Development, Energy Processing (metabolism). Response to the environment,
Regulation (homeostasis). These are all individual properties. The nonindividual (at
population level) is evolutionary adaption
List the activities all living organisms must do to sustain life and pass on their
traits to the next generation ('Life's
activities').
Getting food/fuel. Digestion, Assimilation (building body from energy by making four
macromolecules) , elimination (pee and poop). Reproduction. Cellular respiration and
respiratory exchange. Secretion. External properties are getting food and reproduction/
expansion of range and movement.
Explain how ecosystems are organized? What
cycles through them? What flows
through the ecosystems? What
processes bring energy and atoms into the ecosystems and what releases them
from organisms? Contrast
producers and consumers.
matter cycles through ecosystems while energy flows. Energy flows because of
thermodynamics. Photosynthesis bring energy to ecosystem from sun. Assimilation
comes from chemical energy in food and consumers in animals. producers are plants
and cosumers are animals. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration allows energy and
matter to flow through system.
What are those cycles and flows called in a ecosystem?
What is the ultimate source of energy for most terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems?
What are the two methods of energy storage in cells?
,In what form is energy passed through ecosystems?
All energy capture by photosynthesizers eventually escapes the ecosystem as
what?
food webs are the cycles and flows. Ultimate source of energy is the sun. Energy
storage is ion gradient and covalent bonds!!! Photosynthesis releases oxygen.
What is DNA's function in cells? IOW, what is stored in DNA and HOW? What is
the ultimate source of variation?
Dna stores genes. Ultimate source of variation is mutation.
What is the ultimate product of a gene {can be two types of macromolecules}?
How does this relate to genotype versus phenotype? What do I mean when I say,
'gene expression?
Nucleic acids and Proteins. Nucleic acid triplets are partially the genotype and the
proteins are the gene expression that we see as phenotype
Explain the basics of translation of a gene into a protein (the
BASIC steps). How do codons relate to the subunits of proteins (and what are the
subunits called)?
IOW, how do you read the genetic code?
DNA transcribes to RNA and RNA translates to proteins. Proteins determine these
traits. The subunits of proteins are amino acids that translate into a polypeptide. Peptide
bonds connect the polypeptide molecules
Can only add nucleotide on 3' end.
How does a signal transduction pathway connect a cell to its environment?
Where does the pathway usually end? AND, what type of molecule is that end?
How does this relate to gene expression and cell identity?
Regulation: when to change or react.
external environment to internal body fluid and then the cell thats in there. A signaling
molecule has a receptor protein that enters into a target cell as a relay protein. THe
relay proteins activate a transcription factor.
transcription factor is the signal to turn gene factor on and off (creates a specific protein
that can be expressed)
Cell identity is the proteins that are produced in a cell.
. How does the shape of biological "parts" {whether molecular, cellular, or
multicellular-body part} relate to function? What if the shape of the part is wrong?
An organism shape is... Whats it made of, whats its shape, whats its function. If shape
is wrong then it is difficult to function.
What is a phylogeny? Define: root, node, branch, and terminal taxa. Be sure you
know how to read a phylogeny and know what the connections (nodes and
branches) between groups mean
A node is a common ancestor. root is the beginning of the tree. branch is the line that
leads to a lineage. Terminal taxa is a clade?
What do I mean when I say, 'phylogenies show the relative order of events in the
history of life'?
They are like a fossil record
two methods of energy storage
Covalent Bonds, ion gradient across a membrane (chemiosmosis)
genetic def of evolution
, allele changes in a population over generations
Primary source of sexually reproducing organisms
meiosis: crossing over and fertilization
Cell Membrane structure.
Phospholipids are the barrier (out or in) , proteins allow things in or out selectively.
Big 6 atoms
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Nitrogen
Why do we care about losing biodiversity? How many extant species are named
and known? How many extant species are estimated to exist?
we are dependent on creatures to make our lives easier. There are 1.8 million extant
species named and known (100 million estimated) . _____ are estimated to go extinct
What is a microbiota? In contrast, what is a microbiome? What are
metagenomics?
Microbiota is gut flora or skin flora, it means the biodiversity within specific environment
(like guts). We research these things with metagenomics to sample DNA and determine
the microbiome. The microbiome is the list associated with the species of the sample
Describe the differences between the three different lifestyles of cellular
prokaryotes. Think in terms of the numbers of individuals and permanence of
groupings of cells
unicellular, aggregates, colonies/biofilms.
Unicellular- live and function alone
Aggregates- live alone but come together occasionally when the environment calls for it.
Colonies/Biofilms- more of an ecosystem
Name and describe the three most common shapes bacteria have
Cocci, bacilli, spirochete.
Cocci is spherical, bacilla is cork/rod shaped, spirochete is a spiral.
Be able to identify, describe, and give the function of the internal and external
structures of a prokaryotic cel
Cell envelope in prokaryote is the capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane. CELL
ENVELOPE IS MOST IMPORTANT PART. have ribosomes that make proteins. have a
space where you find single circular chromosome. Cell wall and capsule (a sticky layer
of polysaccharide or protein.) The capsule enables prokaryotes to adhere to a surface
or to other individuals in a colony and gives external shape. Capsule is not stiff, just
sticky. Cell wall protects the prokaryote from bursting in a hypotonic environment
Fimbraie- hairlike projections that enable some prokaryotes to stick to a surface or to
one another. Fimbriae allow many pathogenic bacteria to latch onto the host cells they
colonize
Flagella- allow cell to move towards nutrients: adaptations that enable them to move
about in response to chemical or physical signals in their environments. (naked protein
structure that lacks microtubules
What is the basis for the difference in staining in Gram - positive bacteria
compared to Gram - negative bacteria? Knowing if a bacterium is Gram -positive
or Gram -negative allows us to do what? IOW, why is it important to us to know
what category to put the species in?
Gram positive is purple/spherical and gram negative is pink/rods. Gram positive are
simpler, gram negative causes more severe diseases. Allows us to know TREATMENT.
