BIO 1040 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE
Cell Phones and Cancer
Debate on cell phones causing cancer since 1993.
Scientific Evidence
Conclusions drawn from observations and experimentation.
Controlled Experiment
Experiment where variables are controlled by the researcher.
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation tested through experimentation.
Independent Variable
Variable systematically changed in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
Variable measured to assess effects of changes.
Blind Study
Participants unaware of group assignments.
Double-Blind Study
Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments.
Epidemiology
Study of disease incidence in populations.
Epidemiological Study
Observational study analyzing existing data patterns.
Case-Control Study
Compares two groups differing in disease state.
Clinical Trial
Controlled experiment with medical interventions.
Penicillin
First antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming.
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller cells without internal compartments.
Eukaryotic Cells
Larger cells with internal compartments.
Viruses
Non-cellular entities requiring host cells to reproduce.
Antibiotic Resistance
Bacteria evolve to resist antibiotic effects.
MRSA
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, resistant to antibiotics.
Asexual Reproduction
, Single parent produces genetically identical offspring.
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction method used by bacteria.
Gene Transfer
Bacteria acquire resistance genes from other bacteria.
Mutation
Genetic changes resulting in new resistance alleles.
Population
Group of organisms of the same species.
Allele
Alternative versions of the same gene.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual organism.
Phenotype
Observable traits of an individual.
Natural Selection
Survival of individuals with favorable traits.
Fitness
Ability to survive and reproduce in an environment.
Artificial Selection
Humans control reproduction of organisms intentionally.
Phenotypic Frequency
Proportion of different phenotypes in a population.
Allele Frequency
Proportion of specific alleles in a population.
Evolution
Change in allele frequencies over generations.
Adaptation
Population becomes better suited to its environment.
Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA among individuals in a population.
Directional Selection
One extreme phenotype is favored over others.
Stabilizing Selection
Intermediate phenotypes are favored; extremes selected against.
Diversifying Selection
Both extreme phenotypes are favored; intermediates selected against.
Nucleus
Compartment housing DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome
Organelle that synthesizes proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle where proteins and lipids are produced.
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages proteins for transport.
Cytoskeleton
LATEST UPDATE
Cell Phones and Cancer
Debate on cell phones causing cancer since 1993.
Scientific Evidence
Conclusions drawn from observations and experimentation.
Controlled Experiment
Experiment where variables are controlled by the researcher.
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation tested through experimentation.
Independent Variable
Variable systematically changed in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
Variable measured to assess effects of changes.
Blind Study
Participants unaware of group assignments.
Double-Blind Study
Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments.
Epidemiology
Study of disease incidence in populations.
Epidemiological Study
Observational study analyzing existing data patterns.
Case-Control Study
Compares two groups differing in disease state.
Clinical Trial
Controlled experiment with medical interventions.
Penicillin
First antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming.
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller cells without internal compartments.
Eukaryotic Cells
Larger cells with internal compartments.
Viruses
Non-cellular entities requiring host cells to reproduce.
Antibiotic Resistance
Bacteria evolve to resist antibiotic effects.
MRSA
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, resistant to antibiotics.
Asexual Reproduction
, Single parent produces genetically identical offspring.
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction method used by bacteria.
Gene Transfer
Bacteria acquire resistance genes from other bacteria.
Mutation
Genetic changes resulting in new resistance alleles.
Population
Group of organisms of the same species.
Allele
Alternative versions of the same gene.
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual organism.
Phenotype
Observable traits of an individual.
Natural Selection
Survival of individuals with favorable traits.
Fitness
Ability to survive and reproduce in an environment.
Artificial Selection
Humans control reproduction of organisms intentionally.
Phenotypic Frequency
Proportion of different phenotypes in a population.
Allele Frequency
Proportion of specific alleles in a population.
Evolution
Change in allele frequencies over generations.
Adaptation
Population becomes better suited to its environment.
Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA among individuals in a population.
Directional Selection
One extreme phenotype is favored over others.
Stabilizing Selection
Intermediate phenotypes are favored; extremes selected against.
Diversifying Selection
Both extreme phenotypes are favored; intermediates selected against.
Nucleus
Compartment housing DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome
Organelle that synthesizes proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle where proteins and lipids are produced.
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages proteins for transport.
Cytoskeleton
