BIO 1040 CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Immune system is composed of
The lymphatic system (including lymph vessels & nodes; thymus, spleen, tonsils &
adenoids).
Bone marrow & a variety of white blood cells.
Antibodies & complement proteins.
A variety of signal molecules.
immune system
a system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products that protect an organism from
foreign & potentially harmful organisms, tissues or other substances.
Innate Immunity
Aka non-specific, genetic, or natural immunity.
Involves a set of defenses that are immediately active, and independent of previous
encounters with a given pathogen or substance.
Are the same, whether or not the pathogen has been previously encountered.
Found in both vertebrates & invertebrates.
Adaptive Immunity
Aka acquired immunity.
Involves a set of defenses developed for, and activated by specific pathogens or
substances.
Immune system "remembers" (or specifically recognizes) a previously encountered
pathogen.
Found only in the Vertebrates.
Invertebrate Innate Immunity Includes
Exoskeleton - a hard impermeable chitinous "shell" that prevents the entry of foreign
microbes.
Low internal pH - that inhibits the growth of microbes.
Lysozyme - an enzyme that degrades bacterial cell walls, causing them to lyse and die.
Phagocytes - circulating immune cells that engulf and digest foreign substances.
Recognition proteins - bind to microbes & trigger the release of antimicrobial peptides.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity
Barriers to Entry:
Innate Immune Cells:
Interferons
, Complement System
Inflammatory Response
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Barriers to Entry:
Skin - dead, keratinized cells form an impermeable barrier.
Mucous membranes - form a sticky trap for microbes; ciliated cells sweep mucus &
microbes into throat.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Innate Immune Cells:
Neutrophils - "first-responder" phagocytes circulate freely in blood; are attracted to
infection sites; squeeze between cells of capillary wall.
Macrophages - "large" phagocytes that reside in, & wander through the interstitial fluids.
Natural Killer Cells - attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
Vertebrate Innate ImmunityInterferons
Antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help to limit the cell-to-cell spread
of viruses.
"Interfere" with viral replication; & activate immune cells (e.g. natural killer cells and
macrophages.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Complement System
A group of about 30 kinds of serum proteins that can act with (i.e. "complement") or help
antibody & phagocyte defense mechanisms.
Also help stimulate the inflammatory response.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Inflammatory Response
The characteristic redness, swelling, pain and heat exhibited by a tissue when it is
damaged by physical or chemical agents, or by infection.
Complement proteins enhance immune responses in three ways
1. Enhance Inflammation
2. Help Target Cells for Destruction
3. Form Membrane Attack Complexes
The Adaptive Immune Response Counters Specific Invaders
Only found in the Vertebrates.
A second line of defense - when innate (non-specific) immune response fails to ward off
a pathogen.
Slower than innate defenses - i.e. normally takes 5 - 7 days to mount a response).
Highly specific - involves the recognition of foreign cells, particles & molecules (i.e.
"antigens") as "non-self" by the immune system.
Recognition is mediated by antibodies.
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
Immune system is composed of
The lymphatic system (including lymph vessels & nodes; thymus, spleen, tonsils &
adenoids).
Bone marrow & a variety of white blood cells.
Antibodies & complement proteins.
A variety of signal molecules.
immune system
a system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products that protect an organism from
foreign & potentially harmful organisms, tissues or other substances.
Innate Immunity
Aka non-specific, genetic, or natural immunity.
Involves a set of defenses that are immediately active, and independent of previous
encounters with a given pathogen or substance.
Are the same, whether or not the pathogen has been previously encountered.
Found in both vertebrates & invertebrates.
Adaptive Immunity
Aka acquired immunity.
Involves a set of defenses developed for, and activated by specific pathogens or
substances.
Immune system "remembers" (or specifically recognizes) a previously encountered
pathogen.
Found only in the Vertebrates.
Invertebrate Innate Immunity Includes
Exoskeleton - a hard impermeable chitinous "shell" that prevents the entry of foreign
microbes.
Low internal pH - that inhibits the growth of microbes.
Lysozyme - an enzyme that degrades bacterial cell walls, causing them to lyse and die.
Phagocytes - circulating immune cells that engulf and digest foreign substances.
Recognition proteins - bind to microbes & trigger the release of antimicrobial peptides.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity
Barriers to Entry:
Innate Immune Cells:
Interferons
, Complement System
Inflammatory Response
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Barriers to Entry:
Skin - dead, keratinized cells form an impermeable barrier.
Mucous membranes - form a sticky trap for microbes; ciliated cells sweep mucus &
microbes into throat.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Innate Immune Cells:
Neutrophils - "first-responder" phagocytes circulate freely in blood; are attracted to
infection sites; squeeze between cells of capillary wall.
Macrophages - "large" phagocytes that reside in, & wander through the interstitial fluids.
Natural Killer Cells - attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
Vertebrate Innate ImmunityInterferons
Antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help to limit the cell-to-cell spread
of viruses.
"Interfere" with viral replication; & activate immune cells (e.g. natural killer cells and
macrophages.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Complement System
A group of about 30 kinds of serum proteins that can act with (i.e. "complement") or help
antibody & phagocyte defense mechanisms.
Also help stimulate the inflammatory response.
Vertebrate Innate Immunity Inflammatory Response
The characteristic redness, swelling, pain and heat exhibited by a tissue when it is
damaged by physical or chemical agents, or by infection.
Complement proteins enhance immune responses in three ways
1. Enhance Inflammation
2. Help Target Cells for Destruction
3. Form Membrane Attack Complexes
The Adaptive Immune Response Counters Specific Invaders
Only found in the Vertebrates.
A second line of defense - when innate (non-specific) immune response fails to ward off
a pathogen.
Slower than innate defenses - i.e. normally takes 5 - 7 days to mount a response).
Highly specific - involves the recognition of foreign cells, particles & molecules (i.e.
"antigens") as "non-self" by the immune system.
Recognition is mediated by antibodies.
