TEST REVIEW: PHYSIOLOGY OF CELLS IN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Cell Membrane
Boundary that encloses the cell and contains its contents; also called plasma
membrane; regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; selectively
permeable.
Components of Cell Membrane
Composed mainly of lipids and proteins, and some carbohydrates; consists of a double
layer (bilayer) of phospholipids, with fatty acids turned inward and the water-soluble
heads facing the surfaces.
Structure of Cell Membrane
Extremely thin, flexible, and elastic; has complex surface features, with adaptations to
increase surface area.
Nucleus
Contains genetic material (DNA) which controls the cell's activities; surrounded by a
double membrane (nuclear envelope) that contains relatively large pores that allow the
passage of certain substances.
Mitochondria Structure
Elongated fluid-filled sacs; the inner membrane is folded into cristae, which increase the
surface area.
Energy Production in Mitochondria
Mitochondria house many chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients (cellular
respiration) and produce ATP; store the energy in the chemical bonds of ATP.
Transport Processes
Movement of substances through the plasma membrane.
Passive Transport
Substances pass through the cell membrane without energy.
Simple Diffusion
Molecules move in a liquid or a gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration; creates a state of equilibrium.
Dialysis
A process that is similar to osmosis; dialysis is the flow of certain solutes through a
differentially permeable membrane, which has pores that are slightly larger than a semi-
permeable membrane.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, into an area that contains
an impermeant solute; a special case of diffusion, from an area of greater concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
A method of transport of substances across the cell membrane, using membrane
proteins to carry the substances across the phospholipid bilayer.
Active Transport
Movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration, through carrier molecules in a cell, with ATP as an energy source.
PHYSIOLOGY
Cell Membrane
Boundary that encloses the cell and contains its contents; also called plasma
membrane; regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; selectively
permeable.
Components of Cell Membrane
Composed mainly of lipids and proteins, and some carbohydrates; consists of a double
layer (bilayer) of phospholipids, with fatty acids turned inward and the water-soluble
heads facing the surfaces.
Structure of Cell Membrane
Extremely thin, flexible, and elastic; has complex surface features, with adaptations to
increase surface area.
Nucleus
Contains genetic material (DNA) which controls the cell's activities; surrounded by a
double membrane (nuclear envelope) that contains relatively large pores that allow the
passage of certain substances.
Mitochondria Structure
Elongated fluid-filled sacs; the inner membrane is folded into cristae, which increase the
surface area.
Energy Production in Mitochondria
Mitochondria house many chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients (cellular
respiration) and produce ATP; store the energy in the chemical bonds of ATP.
Transport Processes
Movement of substances through the plasma membrane.
Passive Transport
Substances pass through the cell membrane without energy.
Simple Diffusion
Molecules move in a liquid or a gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration; creates a state of equilibrium.
Dialysis
A process that is similar to osmosis; dialysis is the flow of certain solutes through a
differentially permeable membrane, which has pores that are slightly larger than a semi-
permeable membrane.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, into an area that contains
an impermeant solute; a special case of diffusion, from an area of greater concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
A method of transport of substances across the cell membrane, using membrane
proteins to carry the substances across the phospholipid bilayer.
Active Transport
Movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration, through carrier molecules in a cell, with ATP as an energy source.
