ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEST
function of nervous system
-Sensation
-Integration
-Reaction
sensation
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known
as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are receptors.
integration
the parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the
appropriate response
reaction
The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs)
central nervous system
The brain + the spinal cord
The center of integration and control
peripheral nervous system
-The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
-Consists of: 31 Spinal nerves
and 12 Cranial nerves
sensory division
-Afferent division
-Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
motor division
-Efferent division
-Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)
somatic sensory
-detects stimuli that we consciously perceive
-eyes and nose, tongue and ears
visceral sensory
-detects stimuli we do not consciously perceive
-structures within blood vessels and internal organs
somatic nervous system
VOLUNTARY (generally)
Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
INVOLUNTARY (generally)
Conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
sympathetic nervous system
"Fight or Flight"
parasympathetic nervous system
"rest and digest"
neurons
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
, neurolgia
nonexcitable, supporting cells
characteristics of neurons
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
glial cells
-Nonexcitable cells found in CNS and PNS
astrocytes
-Starlike shape from surface projections
-form blood-brain barrier
-Most abundant glial cell in CNS
ependymal cells
-Line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
-Form choroid plexus with nearby blood capillaries
microglia
-Engulf infectious agents
-Remove debris from dead or damaged tissue
oligodendrocytes
-Prevent passage of ions through axonal membrane
-Allow for faster action potential propagation through CNS
neurolemmocytes
-Also known as Schwann cells
-Ensheathe PNS axons to form myelin sheath
-Allows for faster action potential propagation
dendrites
-Short processes branching off cell body
-May have one or many
-Receive input and transfer it to cell body
-More dendrites = more input possible
axon
-Longer process emanating from cell body
-Makes contact with other neurons, muscle cells, or glands
cytoskeleton
-Composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
-Intermediate filaments, termed neurofilaments
anterograde transport
movement of materials from cell body to synaptic knobs
retrograde transport
movement of materials from synaptic knobs to cell body
multipolar neurons
-most common type
-have many dendrites and a single axon
bipolar neurons
function of nervous system
-Sensation
-Integration
-Reaction
sensation
Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the body. Such changes are known
as stimuli and the cells that monitor them are receptors.
integration
the parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine the
appropriate response
reaction
The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs)
central nervous system
The brain + the spinal cord
The center of integration and control
peripheral nervous system
-The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
-Consists of: 31 Spinal nerves
and 12 Cranial nerves
sensory division
-Afferent division
-Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
motor division
-Efferent division
-Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)
somatic sensory
-detects stimuli that we consciously perceive
-eyes and nose, tongue and ears
visceral sensory
-detects stimuli we do not consciously perceive
-structures within blood vessels and internal organs
somatic nervous system
VOLUNTARY (generally)
Somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system
INVOLUNTARY (generally)
Conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
sympathetic nervous system
"Fight or Flight"
parasympathetic nervous system
"rest and digest"
neurons
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
, neurolgia
nonexcitable, supporting cells
characteristics of neurons
Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Extreme longevity
Amitotic
glial cells
-Nonexcitable cells found in CNS and PNS
astrocytes
-Starlike shape from surface projections
-form blood-brain barrier
-Most abundant glial cell in CNS
ependymal cells
-Line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
-Form choroid plexus with nearby blood capillaries
microglia
-Engulf infectious agents
-Remove debris from dead or damaged tissue
oligodendrocytes
-Prevent passage of ions through axonal membrane
-Allow for faster action potential propagation through CNS
neurolemmocytes
-Also known as Schwann cells
-Ensheathe PNS axons to form myelin sheath
-Allows for faster action potential propagation
dendrites
-Short processes branching off cell body
-May have one or many
-Receive input and transfer it to cell body
-More dendrites = more input possible
axon
-Longer process emanating from cell body
-Makes contact with other neurons, muscle cells, or glands
cytoskeleton
-Composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
-Intermediate filaments, termed neurofilaments
anterograde transport
movement of materials from cell body to synaptic knobs
retrograde transport
movement of materials from synaptic knobs to cell body
multipolar neurons
-most common type
-have many dendrites and a single axon
bipolar neurons
