ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEST
characteristics of life
organization
cellular composition- cell theory- all structure and function result from the activity of cells
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
excretion
homeostasis
Cellular composition
cell theory: all structure & function result from the activity of cells
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Responsiveness
nerve impulses
Differentiation
unspecialized to specialized
homeostasis
maintaining physiological balance
Hippocrates noted that a body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself
needs to detect the change & oppose it
Regulation of Homeostasis
FAST= Nervous System (Nerves)
Slow= Endocrine System (Hormones)
Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death
regulation of homeostasis
-FAST = Nervous system (nerves)
-Slow = Endocrine system (hormones)
loss of homeostatic control causes...
illness or death
feedback systems
maintaining homeostasis
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
-effects stimulus in a NEGATIVE way
-effects are to DECREASE the stimulus
-SUBTRACTS FROM
-Example- High BP, increase BP = decreased BP
-MOST COMMON
, POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-
amplifying)
-effects stimulus in a POSITIVE way
-effects are to INCREASE the stimulus
-ADDS TO
-Example- Labor, Contractions = more contractions
radiography
x-rays
dense tissue (bone, teeth and tumors) are not
penetrated so the photographic film remains white
sonography
high-frequency ultrasound waves echoes back
from internal organs, great for fluid imaging
obstetrics uses to locate placenta, evaluate fetal age, position and development
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
slice
low-intensity X rays computer analysis produces an image of a slice of the body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
soft tissue analysis
magnetic field aligns atoms;
when the magnetic field is turned off the atoms give off energy
computer analysis produces a picture
Positron Emmission Tomography (PET scan)
activity
detects activity of tissue
injection of radioactively labeled glucose emits energy analyzed by computer
color image of glucose usage at
that moment
extent of damaged to heart tissue
activity of brain of neurology patients
sagittal plane
divides body into right and left halves
-gives you a lateral view
coronal (frontal) plane
divides body into front and back portions
-gives you an anterior to posterior view
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
-gives you a bird's eye view
oblique plane
is between a sagittal and coronal plane
gives you an oblique view
body cavities
characteristics of life
organization
cellular composition- cell theory- all structure and function result from the activity of cells
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
excretion
homeostasis
Cellular composition
cell theory: all structure & function result from the activity of cells
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Responsiveness
nerve impulses
Differentiation
unspecialized to specialized
homeostasis
maintaining physiological balance
Hippocrates noted that a body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself
needs to detect the change & oppose it
Regulation of Homeostasis
FAST= Nervous System (Nerves)
Slow= Endocrine System (Hormones)
Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death
regulation of homeostasis
-FAST = Nervous system (nerves)
-Slow = Endocrine system (hormones)
loss of homeostatic control causes...
illness or death
feedback systems
maintaining homeostasis
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
-effects stimulus in a NEGATIVE way
-effects are to DECREASE the stimulus
-SUBTRACTS FROM
-Example- High BP, increase BP = decreased BP
-MOST COMMON
, POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-
amplifying)
-effects stimulus in a POSITIVE way
-effects are to INCREASE the stimulus
-ADDS TO
-Example- Labor, Contractions = more contractions
radiography
x-rays
dense tissue (bone, teeth and tumors) are not
penetrated so the photographic film remains white
sonography
high-frequency ultrasound waves echoes back
from internal organs, great for fluid imaging
obstetrics uses to locate placenta, evaluate fetal age, position and development
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
slice
low-intensity X rays computer analysis produces an image of a slice of the body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
soft tissue analysis
magnetic field aligns atoms;
when the magnetic field is turned off the atoms give off energy
computer analysis produces a picture
Positron Emmission Tomography (PET scan)
activity
detects activity of tissue
injection of radioactively labeled glucose emits energy analyzed by computer
color image of glucose usage at
that moment
extent of damaged to heart tissue
activity of brain of neurology patients
sagittal plane
divides body into right and left halves
-gives you a lateral view
coronal (frontal) plane
divides body into front and back portions
-gives you an anterior to posterior view
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
-gives you a bird's eye view
oblique plane
is between a sagittal and coronal plane
gives you an oblique view
body cavities
