TEST BANK w
TEST BANK FOR A CONCISE INTRO
w w w w w
DUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION
w w w w
BY PATRICK J. HURLEY, LORI WATSON
w w w w w
,Chapter 1 Test A
w w w
MULTIPLEwCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:wThewfollowingwselectionswrelatewtowdistinguishingwargumentswfromwnonargumen
tswandwidentifyingwconclusions.wSelectwthewbestwanswerwforweach.
1. Therewappearswtowbewawgrowingwhappinesswgapwbetweenwmenwandwwomen.wWomenwtodaywarewwork
ingwmorewandwrelaxingwless,wwhilewmenwarewworkingwlesswandwrelaxingwmore.wFortywyearswagowawtyp
icalwwomanwspentw40wminuteswmorewperwweekwthanwthewtypicalwmanwperformingwanwactivitywconsid
eredwunpleasant.wToday,wwithwmenwworkingwless,wthewgapwisw90wminuteswandwgrowing.
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTodayw...wthewgapwisw90wminuteswandwgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wFortywyearswagow...wanwactivitywconsideredwunpleasant.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wTherewappearswtowbew...wbetweenwmenwandwwomen.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wWomenwtodaywarewworkingwmorewandwrelaxingwless.
ANS:w D PTS:w 2
2. Leadwiswtoxic,wbutwdowyouwknowwwhy?wLeadwiswtoxicwmainlywbecausewitwpreferentiallywreplaceswotherw
metalswinwbiochemicalwreactions.wInwsowdoingwitwinterfereswwithwthewproteinswthatwregulatewbloodwpress
urew(whichwcanwcausewdevelopmentwdelayswinwchildrenwandwhighwbloodwpressurewinwadults),whemewprod
uctionw(whichwcanwleadwtowanemia),wandwspermwproduction.wLeadwalsowdisplaceswcalciumwinwthewreacti
onswthatwtransmitwelectricalwimpulseswinwthewbrain,wwhichwdiminisheswthewabilitywtowthinkwandwrecallwin
formation.
AnnewMariewHelmstine,w"YourwGuidewtowChemistry"
a. Argument;wconclusion:wItwinterfereswwithwthewproteinsw...wandwspermwproduction.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wLeadwiswtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wItwpreferentiallywreplaceswotherwmetalswinwbiochemicalwreactions.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wLeadwalsowdisplaceswcalciumw...wrecallwinformation.
ANS:w C PTS:w 2
3. Aristotlewfocusedwonwclarifyingwthewconceptwofwvirtuewitself.wHewarguedwthatwitwwaswvirtuouswtowchoose
wthew
properwamountwofwemotionwand/orwactionwcalledwforwinwawparticularwsituationwandwthatwextremeswofw
emotionwandwactionwwerewvices.wInwallwcommunitieswtherewarewsomewmenwofwpracticalwwisdomwwhowha
vewthewcapacitywtowjudgewwisely.wAristotlewarguedwthatwtheywhavewthewcapacitywtowfollowwthew"rightwrul
e"wwhateverwthewsituation.
DavidwCooper,wValuewPluralismwandwEthicalwChoice
a. Argument;wconclusion:wInwallwcommunitiesw...wcapacitywtowjudgewwisely.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wAristotlewfocusedwonwclarifyingwthewconceptwofwvirtuewitself.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywhavewthewcapacitywtowfolloww...wthewsituation.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wHewarguedwthatwitwwaswvirtuousw...wwerewvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:w E PTS:w 2
4. Illegalwimmigrantswpaywlocalwsaleswtaxes,wandwmanywofwthemwalsowpaywstate,wlocal,wandwfederalwincome
wtaxwandwSocialwSecuritywtax.wTheywalsowpurchasewitemswfromwlocalwmerchants,wincreasingwthewamountwt
hesewmerchantswpaywinwtaxes.wInwaddition,wtheywworkwforwlowwsalaries,wwhichwincreaseswthewearningswo
fwtheirwemployerswandwthewamountwofwtaxeswthesewemployerswpay.wThus,witwiswnotwcorrectwtowsaywthatwill
egalwimmigrantswcontributewnothingwtowthewcommunitieswinwwhichwtheywlive.
a. Argument;wconclusion:wItwiswnotwcorrectwtowsayw...wcommunitieswinwwhichwtheywlive
.
1
, b. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywworkwforwlowwsalariesw...wthesewemployerswpay.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wIllegalwimmigrantswpayw...wSocialwSecuritywtax.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywalsowpurchasewitemsw...wpaywinwtaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:w A PTS:w 2
5. Numerouswstudieswhavewindicatedwthatwwomenwofwcolor,wblackwwomenwinwparticular,warewover-
arrested,wover-indicted,wandwover-sentenced.wAfrican-
Americanwwomenwarewsevenwtimeswmorewlikelywtowbewarrestedwforwprostitutionwthanwwomenwofwotherw
ethnicwgroups.wBlackwwomenwhavewreceivedwsignificantlywlongerwsentenceswforwcrimeswagainstwpropert
ywandwservedwlongerwperiodswinwprison.wForwbothwmurderwandwdrugwoffenses,wEuroamericanwwomenwen
dedwupwservingwone-thirdwlesswtimewforwthewsamewoffenseswthanwblackwwomen.
NancywKurshan,w"WomenwandwImprisonmentwinwthewU.S."
a. Argument;wconclusion:wAfrican-Americanwwomenw...wotherwethnicwgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wForwbothwmurderwandwdrugwoffensesw...wblackwwomen.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wNumerouswstudieswhavewindicatedw...wover-sentenced.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wBlackwwomenwhavewreceivedw...wlongerwperiodswinwprison.
ANS:w B PTS:w 2
6. It'swevenwmorewimportantwthesewdayswthatwyourwcomputerwbewprotectedwbywawfirewall.wTherewarewcrimin
alwelementswlurkingwinwthewshadowswofwcyberspacewwhowsendwoutwprobeswtowdetectwunprotectedwPCs.w
Oncewawvulnerablewcomputerwiswfound,wthesewcriminalswinstallwsoftwarewthatwassistswthemwinwcommittin
gwidentitywtheftwandwfencingwstolenwIDs.wTheywalsowdefraudwonlinewadvertiserswbywusingwthesewzombiew
computerswtowvisitwpay-per-clickwads.
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTherewarewcriminalwelementsw...wtowdetectwunprotectedwPCs.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wOncewawvulnerablewcomputerw...wfencingwstolenwIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywalsowdefraudw...wtowvisitwpay-per-clickwads.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wIt'swevenwmorewimportantw...wprotectedwbywawfirewall.
ANS:w E PTS:w 2
7. Thewearthwiswofwinterestwtowastronomywforwmanywreasons.wNearlywallwobservationswmustwbewmadewthrou
ghwthewatmosphere,wandwthewphenomenawofwthewupperwatmospherewandwthewmagnetospherewreflectwthews
tatewofwinterplanetarywspace.wThewearthwiswalsowthewmostwimportantwobjectwofwcomparisonwforwplanetolog
ists.
HannuwKarttunen,wetwal.,wFundamentalwAstronomy
a. Argument;wconclusion:wThewphenomenaw...wstatewofwinterplanetarywspace.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wThewearthwiswalsow...wforwplanetologists.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wThewearthwiswofwinterestwtowastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wNearlywallwobservationsw...wthroughwthewatmosphere.
ANS:w C PTS:w 2
8. Ifwthewtradewinwtigerwproductswiswbanned,wtigerwreserveswarewguardedwbywwellwequippedwstaff,wcommunit
ieswabuttingwtigerwhabitatwarewgivenwawstakewinwprotectingwtigers,wandwthewmakerswofwtraditionalwmedicin
eswcanwbewpersuadedwthatwtigerwpartswarewnotwneeded,wthenwtigerwpoachingwwillwbewhalted,whabitatwandwli
fewsustainingwpreywwillwbewrestored,wandwthewimmanentwextinctionwofwtigerswinwthewwildwwillwbewaverted
.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wThewtradewinwtigerwproductswiswbanned.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wTigerwpoachingwwillwbewhalted.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wThewmakerswofwtraditionalwmedicinesw...wnotwneeded.
2
, e. Argument;wconclusion:wTigerwpoachingwwillwbewhaltedw...wwillwbewaverted.
ANS:w A PTS:w 2
9. Humanswarewbiologicalworganisms.wTowunderstandwourwbehaviorwandwmentalwprocesses,wwewneedwtowu
nderstandwtheirwbiologicalwunderpinnings,wstartingwwithwthewcellularwlevel,wthewneuron.wHowwwewfeel,w
learn,wremember,wandwthinkwallwstemwfromwneuronalwactivity.wSo,whowwawneuronwworkswandwhowwneur
onswcommunicatewarewcrucialwpieceswofwinformationwinwsolvingwthewpuzzlewofwhumanwbehaviorwandwm
entalwprocessing.
RichardwGriggs,wPsychology:wAwConcisewIntroduction
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTowunderstandwourwbehaviorw...wthewneuron.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wHumanswarewbiologicalworganisms.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wHowwwewfeelw...wneuronalwactivity.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wHowwawneuronwworksw...wmentalwprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:w D PTS:w 2
10. Viruseswarewacellularwentitieswtoowsmallwtowbewseenwwithwawlightwmicroscope.wTheywarewcomposedwofwaw
nucleicwacidwandwawfewwproteins.wViruseswreplicatewthemselveswandwdisplaywotherwpropertieswofwlivingw
organismswonlywwhenwtheywhavewinvadedwlivingwcells.wIndeed,wsomewviruseswcanwbewcrystallizedwandws
toredwinwawcontainerwonwawshelfwforwyears,wbutwtheywretainwthewcapacitywtowinvadewcellswandwcausewdisea
se.
JacquelynwC.wBlack,wMicrobiology:wPrincipleswandwExplorations
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywarewcomposedwofwawnucleicwacidwandwawfewwproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wViruseswarewacellularwentitiesw...wmicroscope.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wIndeed,wsomewviruseswcanwbewcrystallizedw...wcausewdisease.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wViruseswreplicatewthemselvesw...winvadedwlivingwcells.
ANS:w B PTS:w 2
11. Harnessingwthewclean,wabundantwenergywofwthewsunwandwwindwiswcriticalwtowsolvingwthewglobalwwarmi
ngwproblem.wTechnologicalwadvanceswhavewbroughtwthewcostwofwelectricitywgeneratedwbywthewwindwdo
wnwbyw82wpercentwsincew1981.wSolarwenergywtechnologywhaswmadewremarkablewprogresswaswnewwphot
ovoltaicwcellswhavewbeenwdevelopedwtowconvertwevenwgreaterwamountswofwsunlightwdirectlywintowelectri
city.wTodaywthewcostswofwwindwandwsolarwpowerwarewbecomingwcompetitivewwithwdirtywcoal-
firedwplants.
SierrawClub,w"GlobalwWarmingwSolutions"
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTodaywthewcostswofwwindw...wdirtywcoal-firedwplants.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wTechnologicalwadvancesw...wbyw82wpercentwsincew1981.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wHarnessingwthewcleanw...wthewglobalwwarmingwproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wSolarwenergywtechnologyw...wdirectlywintowelectricity.
ANS:w D PTS:w 2
12. Itwiswlikelywthatwinnocentwprisonerswinwthiswcountrywhavewbeenwexecutedwforwcrimeswtheywdidwnotwcommi
t.wFromw1973wuntilw2007,w124wdeathwrowwinmateswhavewbeenwexonerated.wInwmanywofwthesewcaseswDN
Awevidencewplayedwawcrucialwrole.wYet,winwthatwsamewtimewframe,wmorewthanw1000wprisonerswwerewexec
uted.wForwmanywofwthesewprisonerswnowDNAwevidencewwaswavailable.wIfwsuchwevidencewhadwbeenwavail
able,whowwmaywmorewwouldwhavewbeenwexonerated?
a. Argument;wconclusion:wInwmanywofwthesewcasesw...wplayedwawcrucialwrole.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wFromw1973w...whavewbeenwexonerated.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wForwmanywofwthesewprisonersw...wwaswavailable.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wItwiswlikelywthatwinnocentwprisonersw...wtheywdidwnotwcommit.
3
TEST BANK FOR A CONCISE INTRO
w w w w w
DUCTION TO LOGIC 13TH EDITION
w w w w
BY PATRICK J. HURLEY, LORI WATSON
w w w w w
,Chapter 1 Test A
w w w
MULTIPLEwCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:wThewfollowingwselectionswrelatewtowdistinguishingwargumentswfromwnonargumen
tswandwidentifyingwconclusions.wSelectwthewbestwanswerwforweach.
1. Therewappearswtowbewawgrowingwhappinesswgapwbetweenwmenwandwwomen.wWomenwtodaywarewwork
ingwmorewandwrelaxingwless,wwhilewmenwarewworkingwlesswandwrelaxingwmore.wFortywyearswagowawtyp
icalwwomanwspentw40wminuteswmorewperwweekwthanwthewtypicalwmanwperformingwanwactivitywconsid
eredwunpleasant.wToday,wwithwmenwworkingwless,wthewgapwisw90wminuteswandwgrowing.
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTodayw...wthewgapwisw90wminuteswandwgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wFortywyearswagow...wanwactivitywconsideredwunpleasant.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wTherewappearswtowbew...wbetweenwmenwandwwomen.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wWomenwtodaywarewworkingwmorewandwrelaxingwless.
ANS:w D PTS:w 2
2. Leadwiswtoxic,wbutwdowyouwknowwwhy?wLeadwiswtoxicwmainlywbecausewitwpreferentiallywreplaceswotherw
metalswinwbiochemicalwreactions.wInwsowdoingwitwinterfereswwithwthewproteinswthatwregulatewbloodwpress
urew(whichwcanwcausewdevelopmentwdelayswinwchildrenwandwhighwbloodwpressurewinwadults),whemewprod
uctionw(whichwcanwleadwtowanemia),wandwspermwproduction.wLeadwalsowdisplaceswcalciumwinwthewreacti
onswthatwtransmitwelectricalwimpulseswinwthewbrain,wwhichwdiminisheswthewabilitywtowthinkwandwrecallwin
formation.
AnnewMariewHelmstine,w"YourwGuidewtowChemistry"
a. Argument;wconclusion:wItwinterfereswwithwthewproteinsw...wandwspermwproduction.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wLeadwiswtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wItwpreferentiallywreplaceswotherwmetalswinwbiochemicalwreactions.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wLeadwalsowdisplaceswcalciumw...wrecallwinformation.
ANS:w C PTS:w 2
3. Aristotlewfocusedwonwclarifyingwthewconceptwofwvirtuewitself.wHewarguedwthatwitwwaswvirtuouswtowchoose
wthew
properwamountwofwemotionwand/orwactionwcalledwforwinwawparticularwsituationwandwthatwextremeswofw
emotionwandwactionwwerewvices.wInwallwcommunitieswtherewarewsomewmenwofwpracticalwwisdomwwhowha
vewthewcapacitywtowjudgewwisely.wAristotlewarguedwthatwtheywhavewthewcapacitywtowfollowwthew"rightwrul
e"wwhateverwthewsituation.
DavidwCooper,wValuewPluralismwandwEthicalwChoice
a. Argument;wconclusion:wInwallwcommunitiesw...wcapacitywtowjudgewwisely.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wAristotlewfocusedwonwclarifyingwthewconceptwofwvirtuewitself.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywhavewthewcapacitywtowfolloww...wthewsituation.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wHewarguedwthatwitwwaswvirtuousw...wwerewvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:w E PTS:w 2
4. Illegalwimmigrantswpaywlocalwsaleswtaxes,wandwmanywofwthemwalsowpaywstate,wlocal,wandwfederalwincome
wtaxwandwSocialwSecuritywtax.wTheywalsowpurchasewitemswfromwlocalwmerchants,wincreasingwthewamountwt
hesewmerchantswpaywinwtaxes.wInwaddition,wtheywworkwforwlowwsalaries,wwhichwincreaseswthewearningswo
fwtheirwemployerswandwthewamountwofwtaxeswthesewemployerswpay.wThus,witwiswnotwcorrectwtowsaywthatwill
egalwimmigrantswcontributewnothingwtowthewcommunitieswinwwhichwtheywlive.
a. Argument;wconclusion:wItwiswnotwcorrectwtowsayw...wcommunitieswinwwhichwtheywlive
.
1
, b. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywworkwforwlowwsalariesw...wthesewemployerswpay.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wIllegalwimmigrantswpayw...wSocialwSecuritywtax.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywalsowpurchasewitemsw...wpaywinwtaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:w A PTS:w 2
5. Numerouswstudieswhavewindicatedwthatwwomenwofwcolor,wblackwwomenwinwparticular,warewover-
arrested,wover-indicted,wandwover-sentenced.wAfrican-
Americanwwomenwarewsevenwtimeswmorewlikelywtowbewarrestedwforwprostitutionwthanwwomenwofwotherw
ethnicwgroups.wBlackwwomenwhavewreceivedwsignificantlywlongerwsentenceswforwcrimeswagainstwpropert
ywandwservedwlongerwperiodswinwprison.wForwbothwmurderwandwdrugwoffenses,wEuroamericanwwomenwen
dedwupwservingwone-thirdwlesswtimewforwthewsamewoffenseswthanwblackwwomen.
NancywKurshan,w"WomenwandwImprisonmentwinwthewU.S."
a. Argument;wconclusion:wAfrican-Americanwwomenw...wotherwethnicwgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wForwbothwmurderwandwdrugwoffensesw...wblackwwomen.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wNumerouswstudieswhavewindicatedw...wover-sentenced.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wBlackwwomenwhavewreceivedw...wlongerwperiodswinwprison.
ANS:w B PTS:w 2
6. It'swevenwmorewimportantwthesewdayswthatwyourwcomputerwbewprotectedwbywawfirewall.wTherewarewcrimin
alwelementswlurkingwinwthewshadowswofwcyberspacewwhowsendwoutwprobeswtowdetectwunprotectedwPCs.w
Oncewawvulnerablewcomputerwiswfound,wthesewcriminalswinstallwsoftwarewthatwassistswthemwinwcommittin
gwidentitywtheftwandwfencingwstolenwIDs.wTheywalsowdefraudwonlinewadvertiserswbywusingwthesewzombiew
computerswtowvisitwpay-per-clickwads.
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTherewarewcriminalwelementsw...wtowdetectwunprotectedwPCs.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wOncewawvulnerablewcomputerw...wfencingwstolenwIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywalsowdefraudw...wtowvisitwpay-per-clickwads.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wIt'swevenwmorewimportantw...wprotectedwbywawfirewall.
ANS:w E PTS:w 2
7. Thewearthwiswofwinterestwtowastronomywforwmanywreasons.wNearlywallwobservationswmustwbewmadewthrou
ghwthewatmosphere,wandwthewphenomenawofwthewupperwatmospherewandwthewmagnetospherewreflectwthews
tatewofwinterplanetarywspace.wThewearthwiswalsowthewmostwimportantwobjectwofwcomparisonwforwplanetolog
ists.
HannuwKarttunen,wetwal.,wFundamentalwAstronomy
a. Argument;wconclusion:wThewphenomenaw...wstatewofwinterplanetarywspace.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wThewearthwiswalsow...wforwplanetologists.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wThewearthwiswofwinterestwtowastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wNearlywallwobservationsw...wthroughwthewatmosphere.
ANS:w C PTS:w 2
8. Ifwthewtradewinwtigerwproductswiswbanned,wtigerwreserveswarewguardedwbywwellwequippedwstaff,wcommunit
ieswabuttingwtigerwhabitatwarewgivenwawstakewinwprotectingwtigers,wandwthewmakerswofwtraditionalwmedicin
eswcanwbewpersuadedwthatwtigerwpartswarewnotwneeded,wthenwtigerwpoachingwwillwbewhalted,whabitatwandwli
fewsustainingwpreywwillwbewrestored,wandwthewimmanentwextinctionwofwtigerswinwthewwildwwillwbewaverted
.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wThewtradewinwtigerwproductswiswbanned.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wTigerwpoachingwwillwbewhalted.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wThewmakerswofwtraditionalwmedicinesw...wnotwneeded.
2
, e. Argument;wconclusion:wTigerwpoachingwwillwbewhaltedw...wwillwbewaverted.
ANS:w A PTS:w 2
9. Humanswarewbiologicalworganisms.wTowunderstandwourwbehaviorwandwmentalwprocesses,wwewneedwtowu
nderstandwtheirwbiologicalwunderpinnings,wstartingwwithwthewcellularwlevel,wthewneuron.wHowwwewfeel,w
learn,wremember,wandwthinkwallwstemwfromwneuronalwactivity.wSo,whowwawneuronwworkswandwhowwneur
onswcommunicatewarewcrucialwpieceswofwinformationwinwsolvingwthewpuzzlewofwhumanwbehaviorwandwm
entalwprocessing.
RichardwGriggs,wPsychology:wAwConcisewIntroduction
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTowunderstandwourwbehaviorw...wthewneuron.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wHumanswarewbiologicalworganisms.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wHowwwewfeelw...wneuronalwactivity.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wHowwawneuronwworksw...wmentalwprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:w D PTS:w 2
10. Viruseswarewacellularwentitieswtoowsmallwtowbewseenwwithwawlightwmicroscope.wTheywarewcomposedwofwaw
nucleicwacidwandwawfewwproteins.wViruseswreplicatewthemselveswandwdisplaywotherwpropertieswofwlivingw
organismswonlywwhenwtheywhavewinvadedwlivingwcells.wIndeed,wsomewviruseswcanwbewcrystallizedwandws
toredwinwawcontainerwonwawshelfwforwyears,wbutwtheywretainwthewcapacitywtowinvadewcellswandwcausewdisea
se.
JacquelynwC.wBlack,wMicrobiology:wPrincipleswandwExplorations
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTheywarewcomposedwofwawnucleicwacidwandwawfewwproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wViruseswarewacellularwentitiesw...wmicroscope.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wIndeed,wsomewviruseswcanwbewcrystallizedw...wcausewdisease.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wViruseswreplicatewthemselvesw...winvadedwlivingwcells.
ANS:w B PTS:w 2
11. Harnessingwthewclean,wabundantwenergywofwthewsunwandwwindwiswcriticalwtowsolvingwthewglobalwwarmi
ngwproblem.wTechnologicalwadvanceswhavewbroughtwthewcostwofwelectricitywgeneratedwbywthewwindwdo
wnwbyw82wpercentwsincew1981.wSolarwenergywtechnologywhaswmadewremarkablewprogresswaswnewwphot
ovoltaicwcellswhavewbeenwdevelopedwtowconvertwevenwgreaterwamountswofwsunlightwdirectlywintowelectri
city.wTodaywthewcostswofwwindwandwsolarwpowerwarewbecomingwcompetitivewwithwdirtywcoal-
firedwplants.
SierrawClub,w"GlobalwWarmingwSolutions"
a. Argument;wconclusion:wTodaywthewcostswofwwindw...wdirtywcoal-firedwplants.
b. Argument;wconclusion:wTechnologicalwadvancesw...wbyw82wpercentwsincew1981.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wHarnessingwthewcleanw...wthewglobalwwarmingwproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wSolarwenergywtechnologyw...wdirectlywintowelectricity.
ANS:w D PTS:w 2
12. Itwiswlikelywthatwinnocentwprisonerswinwthiswcountrywhavewbeenwexecutedwforwcrimeswtheywdidwnotwcommi
t.wFromw1973wuntilw2007,w124wdeathwrowwinmateswhavewbeenwexonerated.wInwmanywofwthesewcaseswDN
Awevidencewplayedwawcrucialwrole.wYet,winwthatwsamewtimewframe,wmorewthanw1000wprisonerswwerewexec
uted.wForwmanywofwthesewprisonerswnowDNAwevidencewwaswavailable.wIfwsuchwevidencewhadwbeenwavail
able,whowwmaywmorewwouldwhavewbeenwexonerated?
a. Argument;wconclusion:wInwmanywofwthesewcasesw...wplayedwawcrucialwrole.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;wconclusion:wFromw1973w...whavewbeenwexonerated.
d. Argument;wconclusion:wForwmanywofwthesewprisonersw...wwaswavailable.
e. Argument;wconclusion:wItwiswlikelywthatwinnocentwprisonersw...wtheywdidwnotwcommit.
3
