Nursing 611 study guide with questions and answers
ALL THE *** ARE TEST QUESTIONS/ANSWERS!
Test 1 Patho
Apoptosis- A programmed death Example: Inflammatory process
Necrosis-Irreversible injury
Examples: Mr. Bax r/t
arteriosclerosis
*Hypoxia #1 cellular injury (MI) and the most common cause of cellular injury is
hypoxic injury
Atrophy: Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Hypertrophy: (increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually
be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training – this
is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that
occurs secondary to HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver – can
regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is cellular adaptation would take place after a portion of the liver has
been dissected.
Metaplasia: (replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be
reversed if irritant stopped.
Dysplasia – not adaptive
ATP=energy BUT needs Oxygen – aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium- calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell.
Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? Anaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
, A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it
gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD, HF, DM
*The consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury
enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs halting DNA synthesis.
Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes
hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol – if not
functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term Fatty
Liver)
Radiation: Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)- “Stiffness” or “rigidity” of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of
stomach. Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased
cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass
is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Fluid Deficits and Dehydration
Marked water deficit is manifested by S & S of dehydration (decreased perfusion):
headache, Thirst (Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic
pressure of the plasma), dry skin and mucous membranes, weight loss, decreased
or concentrated urine, Skin turgor may be normal or decreased, tachycardia,
weak pulses (compensatory), postural hypotension, may be present.
ALL THE *** ARE TEST QUESTIONS/ANSWERS!
Test 1 Patho
Apoptosis- A programmed death Example: Inflammatory process
Necrosis-Irreversible injury
Examples: Mr. Bax r/t
arteriosclerosis
*Hypoxia #1 cellular injury (MI) and the most common cause of cellular injury is
hypoxic injury
Atrophy: Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood)
Hypertrophy: (increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually
be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training – this
is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that
occurs secondary to HTN.
Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver – can
regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia
Hyperplasia is cellular adaptation would take place after a portion of the liver has
been dissected.
Metaplasia: (replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be
reversed if irritant stopped.
Dysplasia – not adaptive
ATP=energy BUT needs Oxygen – aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium- calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell.
Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? Anaerobic metabolism
(glycolysis)
, A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an
unpaired electron.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it
gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD, HF, DM
*The consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury
enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs halting DNA synthesis.
Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and
nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes
hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol – if not
functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term Fatty
Liver)
Radiation: Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)- “Stiffness” or “rigidity” of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of
stomach. Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of decreased
cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass
is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Fluid Deficits and Dehydration
Marked water deficit is manifested by S & S of dehydration (decreased perfusion):
headache, Thirst (Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic
pressure of the plasma), dry skin and mucous membranes, weight loss, decreased
or concentrated urine, Skin turgor may be normal or decreased, tachycardia,
weak pulses (compensatory), postural hypotension, may be present.
