exam 3 sage questions with complete
solutions
In addition to the use of manipulation, true experiments must also make use of ______. - correct answer
✔✔random assignment
In the early days of psychological research, researchers tried to ensure that experimental and control
groups were identical to one another by using ______. - correct answer ✔✔matching
What advantage(s) does random assignment have over matching? - correct answer ✔✔It equates
experimental groups on almost any imaginable variable.
If Tanisha made use of random assignment, this means that every participant in her study ______. -
correct answer ✔✔had an equal chance of being assigned to any particular condition of her study
According to the text, the two most important advantages of true experiments are that they ______. -
correct answer ✔✔solve the problem of individual differences and help to minimize confounds
Isen and Levin's (1972) study involved giving people cookies to put them in good moods to see if they
would be more willing to help a student in distress. What type of confound did this introduce into the
experiment? - correct answer ✔✔procedural
According to the text, the simplest way to avoid ______ confounds is to allow the manipulated variable
(i.e., the variable of interest) to vary while holding all other variables constant. - correct answer
✔✔procedural
The term ______ confound is the nonexperimental equivalent of the experimental term procedural
confound. - correct answer ✔✔environmental
Operational confounds represent a clear threat to ______ validity. - correct answer ✔✔construct
, An advantage of conducting a true experiment in the laboratory (as opposed to conducting a true
experiment in the field) is that in the laboratory, it is somewhat easier to ______. - correct answer
✔✔eliminate confounds
______ are important because they identify the limiting conditions of a specific theory. - correct answer
✔✔interactions
People are able to recognize the word "nurse" faster than usual if they have just been exposed to the
word "doctor." This is an example of ______. - correct answer ✔✔semantic priming
Compared with other research designs (e.g., correlational designs), true experiments provide
researchers with superior information about ______. - correct answer ✔✔causality
Asch's laboratory studies involving conformity in people's judgments of the lengths of lines appear to
have been low in ______ but very high in ______. - correct answer ✔✔mundane realism; experimental
realism
In comparison with Triplett's study involving highly trained bicyclists, his study involving fishing reels was
probably higher in ______. - correct answer ✔✔internal validity
In a study of alcohol and judgment, MacDonald et al. (1995) convinced some of their participants that
they had consumed a lot of alcohol when they actually had not. Which technique(s) did they use to
achieve this goal? - correct answer ✔✔By spraying alcohol into the air of the room in which the study
was run.
Designing a lab experiment that is high in ______ will usually require the use of at least some amount of
deception. - correct answer ✔✔experimental realism
If you were interested in identifying the precise psychological mechanisms behind a well-documented
phenomenon (e.g., the connection between heat and aggression), you would probably be better off
conducting ______. - correct answer ✔✔a laboratory experiment
Imagine that a published experimental finding replicates well when researchers follow the exact
procedures used in the original study but almost never replicates when researchers use other very
solutions
In addition to the use of manipulation, true experiments must also make use of ______. - correct answer
✔✔random assignment
In the early days of psychological research, researchers tried to ensure that experimental and control
groups were identical to one another by using ______. - correct answer ✔✔matching
What advantage(s) does random assignment have over matching? - correct answer ✔✔It equates
experimental groups on almost any imaginable variable.
If Tanisha made use of random assignment, this means that every participant in her study ______. -
correct answer ✔✔had an equal chance of being assigned to any particular condition of her study
According to the text, the two most important advantages of true experiments are that they ______. -
correct answer ✔✔solve the problem of individual differences and help to minimize confounds
Isen and Levin's (1972) study involved giving people cookies to put them in good moods to see if they
would be more willing to help a student in distress. What type of confound did this introduce into the
experiment? - correct answer ✔✔procedural
According to the text, the simplest way to avoid ______ confounds is to allow the manipulated variable
(i.e., the variable of interest) to vary while holding all other variables constant. - correct answer
✔✔procedural
The term ______ confound is the nonexperimental equivalent of the experimental term procedural
confound. - correct answer ✔✔environmental
Operational confounds represent a clear threat to ______ validity. - correct answer ✔✔construct
, An advantage of conducting a true experiment in the laboratory (as opposed to conducting a true
experiment in the field) is that in the laboratory, it is somewhat easier to ______. - correct answer
✔✔eliminate confounds
______ are important because they identify the limiting conditions of a specific theory. - correct answer
✔✔interactions
People are able to recognize the word "nurse" faster than usual if they have just been exposed to the
word "doctor." This is an example of ______. - correct answer ✔✔semantic priming
Compared with other research designs (e.g., correlational designs), true experiments provide
researchers with superior information about ______. - correct answer ✔✔causality
Asch's laboratory studies involving conformity in people's judgments of the lengths of lines appear to
have been low in ______ but very high in ______. - correct answer ✔✔mundane realism; experimental
realism
In comparison with Triplett's study involving highly trained bicyclists, his study involving fishing reels was
probably higher in ______. - correct answer ✔✔internal validity
In a study of alcohol and judgment, MacDonald et al. (1995) convinced some of their participants that
they had consumed a lot of alcohol when they actually had not. Which technique(s) did they use to
achieve this goal? - correct answer ✔✔By spraying alcohol into the air of the room in which the study
was run.
Designing a lab experiment that is high in ______ will usually require the use of at least some amount of
deception. - correct answer ✔✔experimental realism
If you were interested in identifying the precise psychological mechanisms behind a well-documented
phenomenon (e.g., the connection between heat and aggression), you would probably be better off
conducting ______. - correct answer ✔✔a laboratory experiment
Imagine that a published experimental finding replicates well when researchers follow the exact
procedures used in the original study but almost never replicates when researchers use other very
