RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS [actual exam 100%]
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach
or a region) - ANSWER>>Gasritis
Causes of gastritis - ANSWER>>- Alcohol
- Ingestion of chemical or drug
- Aspirin
- Caffeine
- Chemo/radiation
- Food allergens
- Smoking
- Bacteria
_________ can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration
with hemorrhage, develops suddenly - ANSWER>>Acute gastritis
_________ develops gradually, can be further categorized as erosive or non-
erosive - ANSWER>>Chronic gastritis
Symptoms of acute gastritis - ANSWER>>- Anorexia
- Nausea & vomiting
- Postprandial discomfort
- Hematemesis
Symptoms of chronic gastritis - ANSWER>>May be asymptomatic, but usually
accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal
intake
,What is GERD? (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER>>A condition in
which chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus
Etiology of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - ANSWER>>Erosion of the
esophageal lining by acid reflux, often due to a weakened lower esophageal
sphincter. Other causative agents: Overeating
- Reclining too soon after eating
- Obesity
- Overconsumption of alcohol
- Caffeine
- Chocolate
Clinical manifestations of GERD - ANSWER>>- Heartburn
- Regurgitation
- Chest pain
- Dysphagia
- Nausea
- Sensation of a lump in the throat
Complications of GERD - ANSWER>>Inflammation - irritation and swelling -
narrowing of the esophagus
Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER>>- H. pylori
- Nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs*
- Stress
- Alcohol abuse
- Excessive caffeine
- Smoking
- Genetic susceptibility
Clinical manifestations of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER>>- Vomiting
- Faintness
- Weight loss
,- Blood in stool
What is peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWER>>Painful sores or ulcers in the lining of
the stomach, lower end of esophagus, or duodenum
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER>>Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Etiology of pseudomembranous colitis - ANSWER>>Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
What is pseudomembranous colitis? - ANSWER>>inflammation of the colon
associated with an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile
What is Peritonitis? - ANSWER>>Inflammation of the peritoneum
Etiology of peritonitis - ANSWER>>Bacterial infection (perforated peptic ulcer)
Clinical manifestations of peritonitis - ANSWER>>- Severe Abdominal Pain
- Anorexia (not wanting to eat)
What is mechanical bowel obstruction? - ANSWER>>Blockage of the bowel
inhibiting movement
Etiology of mechanical bowel obstruction - ANSWER>>- Foreign bodies
- Adhesions
- Hernia
- Tumors
- Impacted feces
- Volvulus or twisting of the intestines
- Intussusception
, What is functional bowel obstruction? - ANSWER>>Something is not functioning
correctly to produce active peristalsis
Etiology of functional bowel obstruction - ANSWER>>- neurologic impairment
- Intra-abdominal surgery complication
- chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances
- intra-abdominal infections
- use of certain medications
What is a hiatal hernia? - ANSWER>>Upper part of the stomach will bulge up
above the diaphragm, into the thorax.
Etiology of hiatal hernia - ANSWER>>-unclear, possibly traumatic or genetic
-Sliding is most common
Clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia - ANSWER>>- Heartburn (pyrosis)
- Chest Pain
- Dysphagia
What is Clostridium Difficile (c diff)? - ANSWER>>A bacteria that causes
infectious diarrhea / colitis. It can occur when antibiotics "wipe-out" a person's
normal gut flora. It is often considered to be a nosocomial or hospital acquired
infection.
Etiology of Clostridium difficile (c diff) - ANSWER>>Disturbance of the normal
bacterial flora of the colon,
Clinical manifestations of c diff - ANSWER>>- large, watery stools
- abdominal cramping
- periumbilical pain
- fever and bloody diarrhea
- anorexia and nausea
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS [actual exam 100%]
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach
or a region) - ANSWER>>Gasritis
Causes of gastritis - ANSWER>>- Alcohol
- Ingestion of chemical or drug
- Aspirin
- Caffeine
- Chemo/radiation
- Food allergens
- Smoking
- Bacteria
_________ can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration
with hemorrhage, develops suddenly - ANSWER>>Acute gastritis
_________ develops gradually, can be further categorized as erosive or non-
erosive - ANSWER>>Chronic gastritis
Symptoms of acute gastritis - ANSWER>>- Anorexia
- Nausea & vomiting
- Postprandial discomfort
- Hematemesis
Symptoms of chronic gastritis - ANSWER>>May be asymptomatic, but usually
accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal
intake
,What is GERD? (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER>>A condition in
which chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus
Etiology of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - ANSWER>>Erosion of the
esophageal lining by acid reflux, often due to a weakened lower esophageal
sphincter. Other causative agents: Overeating
- Reclining too soon after eating
- Obesity
- Overconsumption of alcohol
- Caffeine
- Chocolate
Clinical manifestations of GERD - ANSWER>>- Heartburn
- Regurgitation
- Chest pain
- Dysphagia
- Nausea
- Sensation of a lump in the throat
Complications of GERD - ANSWER>>Inflammation - irritation and swelling -
narrowing of the esophagus
Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER>>- H. pylori
- Nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs*
- Stress
- Alcohol abuse
- Excessive caffeine
- Smoking
- Genetic susceptibility
Clinical manifestations of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER>>- Vomiting
- Faintness
- Weight loss
,- Blood in stool
What is peptic ulcer disease? - ANSWER>>Painful sores or ulcers in the lining of
the stomach, lower end of esophagus, or duodenum
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANSWER>>Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Etiology of pseudomembranous colitis - ANSWER>>Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
What is pseudomembranous colitis? - ANSWER>>inflammation of the colon
associated with an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridioides difficile
What is Peritonitis? - ANSWER>>Inflammation of the peritoneum
Etiology of peritonitis - ANSWER>>Bacterial infection (perforated peptic ulcer)
Clinical manifestations of peritonitis - ANSWER>>- Severe Abdominal Pain
- Anorexia (not wanting to eat)
What is mechanical bowel obstruction? - ANSWER>>Blockage of the bowel
inhibiting movement
Etiology of mechanical bowel obstruction - ANSWER>>- Foreign bodies
- Adhesions
- Hernia
- Tumors
- Impacted feces
- Volvulus or twisting of the intestines
- Intussusception
, What is functional bowel obstruction? - ANSWER>>Something is not functioning
correctly to produce active peristalsis
Etiology of functional bowel obstruction - ANSWER>>- neurologic impairment
- Intra-abdominal surgery complication
- chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances
- intra-abdominal infections
- use of certain medications
What is a hiatal hernia? - ANSWER>>Upper part of the stomach will bulge up
above the diaphragm, into the thorax.
Etiology of hiatal hernia - ANSWER>>-unclear, possibly traumatic or genetic
-Sliding is most common
Clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia - ANSWER>>- Heartburn (pyrosis)
- Chest Pain
- Dysphagia
What is Clostridium Difficile (c diff)? - ANSWER>>A bacteria that causes
infectious diarrhea / colitis. It can occur when antibiotics "wipe-out" a person's
normal gut flora. It is often considered to be a nosocomial or hospital acquired
infection.
Etiology of Clostridium difficile (c diff) - ANSWER>>Disturbance of the normal
bacterial flora of the colon,
Clinical manifestations of c diff - ANSWER>>- large, watery stools
- abdominal cramping
- periumbilical pain
- fever and bloody diarrhea
- anorexia and nausea
